七、積極參與全球人權(quán)治理
VII. Active Participation in Global Governance of Human Rights

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改革開(kāi)放40年來(lái)，中國(guó)堅(jiān)持平等互信、包容互鑒、合作共贏精神，積極參與聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)事務(wù)，認(rèn)真履行國(guó)際人權(quán)義務(wù)，廣泛開(kāi)展國(guó)際人權(quán)合作，不斷推進(jìn)全球人權(quán)治理朝著公正合理的方向發(fā)展。
Over the 40 years of reform and opening up, upholding the principles of equality and mutual trust, inclusiveness and mutual learning, and cooperation and win-win benefits, China has been active in UN human rights undertakings, fulfilling its international human rights obligations, conducting extensive international cooperation on human rights, and advancing the global governance of human rights in a fair and rational direction.

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認(rèn)真履行國(guó)際人權(quán)條約義務(wù)。截至目前，中國(guó)共參加26項(xiàng)國(guó)際人權(quán)文書(shū)，其中包括《經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)及文化權(quán)利國(guó)際公約》《消除一切形式種族歧視國(guó)際公約》等6項(xiàng)主要人權(quán)文書(shū)。中國(guó)認(rèn)真履行條約義務(wù)，包括在國(guó)內(nèi)立法、修法、制定政策等方面注重與條約規(guī)定相銜接，按照條約規(guī)定撰寫(xiě)并提交履約報(bào)告，全面反映國(guó)家履行人權(quán)條約的進(jìn)展、困難和問(wèn)題。中國(guó)認(rèn)真參加條約機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)中國(guó)執(zhí)行條約情況的審議，截至2018年8月，中國(guó)已向各條約機(jī)構(gòu)提交履約報(bào)告26次，總計(jì)39期，接受審議26次。在審議過(guò)程中，中國(guó)與相關(guān)人權(quán)條約機(jī)構(gòu)開(kāi)展建設(shè)性對(duì)話，結(jié)合中國(guó)國(guó)情，積極采納條約機(jī)構(gòu)建議。中國(guó)支持對(duì)人權(quán)條約機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行必要改革，促進(jìn)條約機(jī)構(gòu)與締約國(guó)在相互尊重的基礎(chǔ)上開(kāi)展對(duì)話與合作。中國(guó)積極推薦專家參選條約機(jī)構(gòu)委員，多名中國(guó)專家出任聯(lián)合國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化權(quán)利委員會(huì)，禁止酷刑委員會(huì)，消除種族歧視委員會(huì)，消除對(duì)婦女歧視委員會(huì)，殘疾人權(quán)利委員會(huì)委員。
Fulfilling obligations in international instruments on human rights. To date, China has signed 26 international human rights instruments, including six major ones such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. China fulfills all the obligations prescribed in relevant international conventions, ensuring that its legislation and any amendments as well as its policy formulation are consistent with these conventions, and completing and submitting periodic reports to give feedback on the progress made and any difficulties and problems encountered in implementing international conventions on human rights. China accepts reviews from the treaty body on its implementation of these conventions. By August 2018, China had submitted 39 implementation reports on 26 occasions to these treaty bodies and received 26 reviews. During the reviews, China conducted constructive dialogue with the relevant treaty bodies and adopted their suggestions in accordance with the actual conditions in China. China supports the necessary reform of the human rights treaty bodies, promoting dialogue and cooperation between the treaty bodies and signatory states on the basis of mutual respect. China recommends Chinese experts as candidate members of the treaty bodies, many of whom have been chosen to serve on bodies such as the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the United Nations Committee against Torture, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, and the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

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主動(dòng)參與創(chuàng)設(shè)國(guó)際人權(quán)規(guī)則與機(jī)制。改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，中國(guó)參加了《禁止酷刑和其他殘忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或處罰公約》《兒童權(quán)利公約》《殘疾人權(quán)利公約》《保護(hù)所有移徙工人及其家屬權(quán)利國(guó)際公約》，以及《經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)及文化權(quán)利國(guó)際公約》任擇議定書(shū)等重要人權(quán)文件制定工作組會(huì)議，為這些規(guī)則的起草、修改和完善作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。中國(guó)作為主要推動(dòng)者之一，參與了《發(fā)展權(quán)利宣言》的起草工作，積極推動(dòng)聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)委員會(huì)和人權(quán)理事會(huì)就實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展權(quán)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行全球磋商，致力于推動(dòng)構(gòu)建發(fā)展權(quán)實(shí)施機(jī)制。1993年，中國(guó)推動(dòng)亞洲國(guó)家通過(guò)《曼谷宣言》。中國(guó)作為第二屆世界人權(quán)大會(huì)的副主席國(guó)，參加了《維也納宣言和行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)》的起草工作。1995年，在北京主辦第四次世界婦女大會(huì)。2006年以來(lái)，中國(guó)支持聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)設(shè)立安全飲用水、文化權(quán)、殘疾人權(quán)利等專題性特別機(jī)制；倡導(dǎo)召開(kāi)關(guān)于糧食安全、國(guó)際金融危機(jī)等的特別會(huì)議，積極推動(dòng)完善國(guó)際人權(quán)機(jī)制。中國(guó)是最早參加聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化大會(huì)的國(guó)家，全程參與并有效推動(dòng)國(guó)際氣候談判，為《巴黎氣候變化協(xié)定》的最終通過(guò)作出貢獻(xiàn)。中國(guó)積極推動(dòng)聯(lián)合國(guó)《2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程》的制定和實(shí)施。
Participating in establishing international rules and mechanisms for protecting human rights. Since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, China has attended the meetings of the drafting groups of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other important documents on human rights protection, making a significant contribution to drafting, revising and improving these rules. As one of the major promoters, China participated in drafting the Declaration on the Right to Development, assisting the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) and the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) to organize global discussions on fulfilling the right to development, and is committed to building mechanisms for actualizing the right to development. In 1993, China pushed for the adoption of the Bangkok Declaration among Asian countries. The same year, as the vice presidency of the Second World Conference on Human Rights, China participated in drafting the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action. In 1995 in Beijing, China hosted the Fourth World Conference on Women. Since 2006, China has supported UNHRC in establishing specialized mechanisms for securing safe drinking water, cultural rights, and the rights of persons with disabilities, in calling for special conferences on food security and global financial crisis, and in improving the international mechanisms for protecting human rights. China is one of the first countries that attended the UN Climate Change Conference. China is an enthusiastic participant and an effective proponent in international climate negotiations, and has contributed to the adoption of the Paris agreement. China has facilitated the formulation and implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by the United Nations.

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積極參與聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)事務(wù)。自1979年起，中國(guó)連續(xù)3年作為觀察員出席聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)委員會(huì)會(huì)議。1981年，中國(guó)在聯(lián)合國(guó)經(jīng)社理事會(huì)組織會(huì)議上當(dāng)選為人權(quán)委員會(huì)成員國(guó)。自1982年起，中國(guó)正式擔(dān)任人權(quán)委員會(huì)成員國(guó)并一直連選連任。自1984年起，中國(guó)推薦的專家連續(xù)當(dāng)選為防止歧視和保護(hù)少數(shù)小組委員會(huì)的委員和候補(bǔ)委員。積極參與人權(quán)委員會(huì)對(duì)相關(guān)議題的討論和磋商。為構(gòu)建公正、客觀、透明的國(guó)際人權(quán)機(jī)制，中國(guó)積極參與聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)專門(mén)機(jī)制的改革，在設(shè)立聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)的磋商和最后表決過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。自2006年3月以來(lái)，中國(guó)四度當(dāng)選人權(quán)理事會(huì)成員。同聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)高專辦等保持建設(shè)性接觸，鼓勵(lì)其客觀、公正履職，重視發(fā)展中國(guó)家關(guān)切。與人權(quán)理事會(huì)特別機(jī)制開(kāi)展合作，自1994年以來(lái)，中國(guó)先后邀請(qǐng)宗教信仰自由特別報(bào)告員、任意拘留問(wèn)題工作組、教育權(quán)特別報(bào)告員、酷刑問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員、糧食權(quán)特別報(bào)告員、消除對(duì)婦女歧視問(wèn)題工作組、外債對(duì)人權(quán)影響問(wèn)題獨(dú)立專家、極端貧困與人權(quán)問(wèn)題特別報(bào)告員訪華。認(rèn)真對(duì)待人權(quán)理事會(huì)特別機(jī)制來(lái)函，在認(rèn)真調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上及時(shí)答復(fù)。深入?yún)⑴c有關(guān)人權(quán)機(jī)制工作，推動(dòng)多邊人權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)以公正、客觀、非選擇性方式處理人權(quán)問(wèn)題。認(rèn)真落實(shí)中國(guó)在人權(quán)理事會(huì)第一輪、第二輪國(guó)別人權(quán)審查中接受的建議，積極參與第三輪國(guó)別人權(quán)審查。連任聯(lián)合國(guó)非政府組織委員會(huì)成員。多名專家出任聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)咨詢委員會(huì)、形勢(shì)工作組成員。鼓勵(lì)非政府組織積極參與人權(quán)理事會(huì)等人權(quán)機(jī)制活動(dòng)。
Engaging in UN human rights undertakings. From 1979 to 1981, China attended the meetings of the UNCHR as an observer state. In 1981, China was elected a member state of the UNCHR at the meeting of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). In 1982, China became an official member state of the UNCHR and has maintained this position ever since. Since 1984, a succession of experts recommended by China have been elected members and alternate members of the United Nations Sub-commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. China takes an active part in discussions and negotiations of relevant issues in the UNCHR. To build a fair, objective and transparent international mechanism for protecting human rights, China is a vigorous proponent of reform of the UN special mechanisms for protecting human rights; it played a significant role in the negotiations and final vote on establishing the UNHRC. Since March 2006, China has been elected a UNHRC member state four times. China maintains constructive contacts with the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), encouraging the OHCHR to perform its duties fairly and objectively, and directing more attention to the concerns of developing countries. China conducts cooperation with the Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council. Since 1994, China has invited the following UN representatives to visit the country: the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, the United Nations Working Group on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the United Nations Independent Expert on the Effects of Foreign Debt and Other Related International Financial Obligations of States on the Full Enjoyment of All Human Rights, Particularly Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. China handles letters from the Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council with due attention, carrying out any necessary investigations and giving timely replies. China is deeply involved in international mechanisms for protecting human rights, assisting multilateral human rights organizations to address such issues in a fair, objective and nonselective manner. China has implemented the suggestions adopted during the first and second Universal Periodic Review (UPR) cycles, and is actively participating in the third UPR cycle. China has been reelected a member state of the United Nations Committee on Non-governmental Organizations. Chinese experts have been appointed members of the UNHRC Advisory Committee and the Working Group on Situations. China encourages its NGOs to participate vigorously in the UNHRC and other human rights protection mechanisms.

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廣泛開(kāi)展國(guó)際人權(quán)交流與合作。中國(guó)始終致力于在平等和相互尊重基礎(chǔ)上與世界各國(guó)就人權(quán)議題開(kāi)展建設(shè)性對(duì)話與合作，廣泛開(kāi)展人權(quán)領(lǐng)域的交流交往。自上世紀(jì)90年代起，中國(guó)陸續(xù)與20多個(gè)國(guó)家建立人權(quán)對(duì)話或磋商機(jī)制。同美國(guó)、歐盟、英國(guó)、德國(guó)、瑞士、荷蘭、澳大利亞、新西蘭等西方國(guó)家或國(guó)際組織舉行人權(quán)對(duì)話、人權(quán)交流、法律專家交流和人權(quán)技術(shù)合作，促進(jìn)政府部門(mén)、司法機(jī)構(gòu)、學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體交流互鑒，增進(jìn)了解。同俄羅斯、埃及、南非、巴西、馬來(lái)西亞、巴基斯坦、白俄羅斯、古巴、非盟等開(kāi)展人權(quán)磋商，分享經(jīng)驗(yàn)，深化合作。
Conducting extensive international exchanges and cooperation concerning human rights. China is committed to promoting constructive dialogue and cooperation on human rights with other countries based on equality and mutual respect, and to organizing extensive exchanges to this end. Since the 1990s, China has established dialogue and negotiation mechanisms for human rights protection with more than 20 other countries. China has organized dialogue and exchanges on human rights and exchanges between legal experts, and technical cooperation on human rights with international organizations and Western countries, including the US, the EU, the UK, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Australia and New Zealand, to enhance communication, understanding and mutual learning between governmental departments, judicial organs and academia. China has held human rights discussions with Russia, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil, Malaysia, Pakistan, Belarus, Cuba and the African Union, to share experience and enhance cooperation.

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近年來(lái)，中國(guó)先后在北京舉辦“紀(jì)念聯(lián)合國(guó)《殘疾人權(quán)利公約》通過(guò)十周年大會(huì)”“亞歐非正式人權(quán)研討會(huì)”“紀(jì)念《發(fā)展權(quán)利宣言》通過(guò)30周年國(guó)際研討會(huì)”、首屆“南南人權(quán)論壇”等大型國(guó)際人權(quán)論壇或研討會(huì)，促進(jìn)了國(guó)際人權(quán)對(duì)話與交流。中國(guó)人權(quán)研究會(huì)等人權(quán)領(lǐng)域民間組織積極開(kāi)展人權(quán)交流與合作，成功舉辦九屆“北京人權(quán)論壇”，連續(xù)舉辦四屆“中歐人權(quán)研討會(huì)”和多屆“中德人權(quán)研討會(huì)”“中美司法與人權(quán)研討會(huì)”“國(guó)際人權(quán)文博會(huì)”等活動(dòng)，為各國(guó)之間文明交流互鑒起到了重要作用。中國(guó)每年通過(guò)接待相關(guān)國(guó)家和國(guó)際人權(quán)組織代表來(lái)訪、安排中國(guó)人權(quán)代表團(tuán)出訪等形式，不斷加強(qiáng)并深化與世界各國(guó)在人權(quán)領(lǐng)域的交流合作，增進(jìn)彼此之間的了解和理解。
In recent years, China has hosted several international forums and seminars on human rights in Beijing, including the Conference Commemorating the 10th Anniversary of the Adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2016), the 16th Informal Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) Seminar on Human Rights (2016), the International Seminar Commemorating the 30th Anniversary of the Adoption of the Declaration on the Right to Development (2016), and the First South-South Human Rights Forum (2017). All of these have strengthened international dialogue and exchanges on human rights. The China Society for Human Rights Studies (CSHRS) and other human rights NGOs in China promote exchanges and cooperation on human rights. They have organized the Beijing Forum on Human Rights on nine occasions, China-Europe Seminar on Human Rights on four occasions, and the International Seminar on Human Rights and Museology several times, as well as the China-Germany Seminar on Human Rights and the Sino-American Dialogue on the Rule of Law and Human Rights. These play an important role in increasing exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations. Every year China receives human rights representatives from many countries and international organizations, and arranges for foreign visits by Chinese human rights delegations, to strengthen its exchanges and cooperation on human rights with other countries and enhance mutual knowledge and understanding.

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努力提供全球人權(quán)治理中國(guó)方案。中國(guó)積極參與全球人權(quán)治理，在聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)、人權(quán)理事會(huì)等場(chǎng)合提出系列倡議，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建公平正義、合理有效的國(guó)際人權(quán)體系。中國(guó)明確提出“生存權(quán)發(fā)展權(quán)是首要的基本人權(quán)”的理念，堅(jiān)持各項(xiàng)人權(quán)要協(xié)同推進(jìn)，堅(jiān)持人權(quán)的普遍性與特殊性相統(tǒng)一，強(qiáng)調(diào)以合作促發(fā)展、以發(fā)展促人權(quán)等人權(quán)理念和主張對(duì)廣大發(fā)展中國(guó)家乃至世界人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展具有重要引領(lǐng)作用。習(xí)近平主席提出的構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體理念，在國(guó)際上引起熱烈反響，先后被寫(xiě)入聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)、聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)等機(jī)構(gòu)的多份決議，正在被越來(lái)越多的國(guó)家所接受，成為推動(dòng)包括全球人權(quán)治理在內(nèi)的世界未來(lái)發(fā)展的中國(guó)智慧和中國(guó)方案。中國(guó)推動(dòng)聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)理事會(huì)通過(guò)“紀(jì)念第四次世界婦女大會(huì)暨《北京宣言》和《行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)》通過(guò)20周年”主席聲明、“加強(qiáng)公共衛(wèi)生能力建設(shè)促進(jìn)健康權(quán)”“發(fā)展對(duì)享有所有人權(quán)的貢獻(xiàn)”“在人權(quán)領(lǐng)域促進(jìn)合作共贏”等決議。尤其是“發(fā)展對(duì)享有所有人權(quán)的貢獻(xiàn)”決議的通過(guò)，首次將“發(fā)展促進(jìn)人權(quán)”引入國(guó)際人權(quán)體系。中國(guó)多次代表140余國(guó)就“加強(qiáng)人權(quán)合作”“落實(shí)發(fā)展權(quán)”“共建人類命運(yùn)共同體”等議題作共同發(fā)言；多次在聯(lián)合國(guó)舉辦“減貧促進(jìn)人權(quán)”等主題的人權(quán)邊會(huì)和展覽。
Providing Chinese solutions to global human rights governance. China is actively engaged in global governance of human rights, making proposals at the United Nations General Assembly and the United Nations Human Rights Council and on other occasions to promote the establishment of an international human rights system that is fair, just, reasonable and effective. China proposes the view that "The rights to subsistence and development are the primary, basic human rights." China adheres to the principle that all human rights should develop side by side, and that both the universality and the particularity of human rights should be taken into account. China emphasizes advancing development through cooperation and promoting human rights through development. These perspectives and proposals lead the cause of human rights both in developing countries and in the wider world. The idea of building a global community of shared future, as proposed by President Xi Jinping, has elicited a positive international response. The concept has been written into many resolutions of the United Nations Human Rights Council and the United Nations Security Council, and is being recognized by more and more countries. It is an example of Chinese wisdom and a Chinese solution to future world development, including global governance of human rights. China has supported the passing of many resolutions by the UNHRC, including the President's Statement on the Twentieth Anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women and of the Adoption of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, Promoting the Right to Health through Enhancing Capacity-building in Public Health, The Contribution of Development to the Enjoyment of All Human Rights, and Promoting Mutually Beneficial Cooperation in the Field of Human Rights. Particularly, the passing of the resolution, The Contribution of Development to the Enjoyment of All Human Rights, for the first time introduced the concept of "promoting human rights through development" into the international human rights system. On behalf of over 140 countries, China has delivered speeches on issues such as "enhancing cooperation on human rights", "actualizing the right to development" and "building a global community of shared future" on many occasions; China has also hosted side events and exhibitions at the UN with the theme of "promoting human rights through poverty reduction".