四、顯著改善特定群體權利
IV. Ensuring the Rights of Special Groups

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改革開放40年來，中國不斷完善相關權利保障機制，采取有針對性的措施，為特定群體創(chuàng)造了實現(xiàn)自我發(fā)展和人生價值的機會，切實保障少數(shù)民族、婦女、兒童、老年人和殘疾人的合法權益。
Over the 40 years since reform and opening up was introduced in 1978, China has improved various mechanisms for ensuring its citizens' rights, adopting targeted measures to create opportunities for special groups in pursuit of self-development and life goals. The legitimate rights of ethnic minority groups, women, children, the elderly, and the disabled are protected.

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（一）少數(shù)民族權利
1. Rights of Ethnic Minority Groups

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少數(shù)民族參與國家事務管理的權利得到有效保障。各民族自治地方依法享有廣泛的自治權，包括政治、經濟、教育、科學、文化、衛(wèi)生等各項事業(yè)的自主管理權。55個少數(shù)民族均有本民族的全國人大代表和全國政協(xié)委員。十三屆全國人大代表中，少數(shù)民族代表438名，占14.7%。155個民族自治地方的人民代表大會常務委員會中，均有實行區(qū)域自治民族的公民擔任主任或者副主任。民族自治地方政府的主席、州長、縣長或旗長，均由實行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔任。在西藏自治區(qū)第十一屆人民代表大會中，藏族和其他少數(shù)民族人士在常委會主任、副主任中占50%，在自治區(qū)人大代表中占66%。
The right of ethnic minority groups in administering state affairs is effectively guaranteed. The ethnic autonomous regions enjoy the right of autonomy in extensive areas as prescribed by law, including autonomy in the fields of politics, the economy, education, science and technology, culture, and health. All 55 minority groups have deputies and members at the National People's Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). The 13th NPC has 438 deputies from ethnic minority groups, accounting for 14.7 percent of the total number of deputies. The standing committees of people's congresses in all 155 ethnic autonomous areas have citizens from the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy acting as director or deputy director. The chairpersons of autonomous regions, governors of autonomous prefectures, and heads of autonomous counties and banners are all citizens from the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy of the said areas. In the 11th People's Congress of Tibet Autonomous Region, the director and half of the deputy directors of the standing committee, and two-thirds of the deputies, are from the Tibetan or other ethnic minority groups.

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民族地區(qū)經濟快速發(fā)展。內蒙古、廣西、西藏、寧夏、新疆5個自治區(qū)和云南、貴州、青海3個省的地區(qū)生產總值由1978年的324億元增至2017年的84899億元；貧困人口從2010年的5040萬下降到2017年的1032萬，累計減貧4008萬人，貧困發(fā)生率從34.5%下降到6.9%。2012年至2017年，國家投入中央財政扶貧專項資金少數(shù)民族發(fā)展方向244.97億元。出臺《“十三五”促進民族地區(qū)和人口較少民族發(fā)展規(guī)劃》《興邊富民行動“十三五”規(guī)劃》，推進民族地區(qū)、邊疆地區(qū)經濟社會跨越式發(fā)展。
The economy of ethnic minority areas has experienced rapid growth. The total GDP of the five autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou and Qinghai has grown from RMB32.4 billion in 1978 to RMB8.49 trillion in 2017. The impoverished population in these regions has dropped from 50.4 million in 2010 to 10.32 million in 2017, with 40.08 million people shaking off poverty and the incidence of poverty reduced from 34.5 to 6.9 percent. From 2012 to 2017 the central government allocated RMB24.5 billion from the state poverty alleviation fund to support the development of ethnic minority groups. With the release of the Program for Developing Ethnic Minority Areas and Ethnic Groups with Small Populations During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period and the Program for Revitalizing Border Areas and Enriching the People During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, China aims to achieve a big stride in social and economic development in these areas.

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民族地區(qū)教育事業(yè)快速發(fā)展。通過發(fā)展各級各類民族學校、實行雙語教育、對少數(shù)民族考生升學予以照顧、在廣大農牧區(qū)推行寄宿制教育等舉措，促進教育公平，維護少數(shù)民族的受教育權利。西藏自治區(qū)全面普及了從學前教育到高中階段15年“包吃、包住、包學習費用”的免費教育政策。新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)的南疆地區(qū)實行15年免費教育，實施農村學前三年免費雙語教育。舉辦內地西藏班、新疆班，實施“少數(shù)民族預科班、民族班”“少數(shù)民族高層次骨干計劃”等，保障少數(shù)民族學生享有接受優(yōu)質教育的機會。
Education in ethnic minority areas has developed rapidly. China has adopted a series of measures to promote educational equality and ensure ethnic minorities' right to education. These measures include: opening schools for students from ethnic minority groups, using both Putonghua (standard Chinese) and ethnic languages in school education, giving preferential treatment to students from ethnic minority groups when they take exams to enter higher levels of education, and running residential schools in farming and pastoral areas. In Tibet Autonomous Region, students enjoy free board and lodging and are exempt from study costs from preschool to senior high school-a total of 15 years. In south Xinjiang, students also enjoy 15 years of zero-cost education, and those in rural areas are provided with free three-year preschool education both in Putonghua and ethnic languages. Middle and high school students from Tibet and Xinjiang can attend special classes at schools in more developed areas of the country. High school graduates from ethnic groups can attend preparatory courses or special classes at colleges and universities, and university graduates from ethnic groups can apply for a national high-level professional development program which trains and sends them to work in designated places. All this has ensured that students from ethnic minority groups have access to quality education.

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少數(shù)民族使用和發(fā)展本民族語言文字的權利得到切實尊重和保障。在中國，除回族和滿族通用漢語文外，其他53個少數(shù)民族都有本民族語言，有22個少數(shù)民族共使用27種文字。中國政府保障少數(shù)民族語言文字在行政司法、新聞出版、廣播影視、文化教育等各領域的合法使用。建設中國少數(shù)民族瀕危語言數(shù)據庫，設立并實施“中國語言資源保護工程”。民族地區(qū)公共文化服務體系進一步完善。截至2017年，全國少數(shù)民族自治地方共有195個廣播電視機構使用14種少數(shù)民族語言播出廣播節(jié)目，263個廣播電視機構使用10種少數(shù)民族語言播出電視節(jié)目。國家在民族地區(qū)推行雙語教育，基本建立起從學前到高等教育階段的雙語教育體系。截至2017年，全國各民族中小學實施雙語教育的學校1.2萬多所，接受雙語教育在校生320余萬人,雙語教師21萬余人。
The right to use and develop the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities is respected and fully protected. In China, with the exception of the Hui and Manchu peoples who generally use Han Chinese, the other 53 ethnic minorities have their own spoken languages, and 22 groups use a total of 27 written systems. The Chinese government protects the legitimate use of the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in the areas of administration and judicature, press and publishing, radio, film and television, and culture and education. The state has established a database for the endangered languages of China's ethnic minority groups, and initiated the Program for Protecting China's Language Resources. Public cultural services in ethnic minority areas have been further improved. By 2017 there were 195 radio and 263 television stations in China's ethnic autonomous areas broadcasting in 14 and 10 ethnic minority languages. The state provides bilingual education in ethnic minority areas, basically forming a bilingual education system from preschool to higher education. By 2017 more than 12,000 primary and secondary schools catering to ethnic minority students in China give courses in both Putonghua and minority languages, with 210,000 teachers teaching such courses to 3.2 million students.

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民族地區(qū)文化遺產、文物古跡得到有效保護。中國政府高度重視少數(shù)民族文化的傳承和發(fā)展，制定相關法律，設立專門機構，加大資金投入，推動少數(shù)民族文化事業(yè)發(fā)展。中國入選聯(lián)合國教科文組織“非物質文化遺產名錄（名冊）”的少數(shù)民族項目有14項；中國前四批共計1372項國家級非物質文化遺產名錄中，少數(shù)民族的有492項，約占36%；在五批3068名國家級非物質文化遺產項目代表性傳承人中，少數(shù)民族傳承人有862名，約占28%；共設立21個國家級文化生態(tài)保護實驗區(qū)，其中有11個位于民族地區(qū)；25個?。▍^(qū)、市）已建立民族古籍整理與研究機構。中央和地方政府投入資金對高昌故城、北庭故城遺址、喀什艾提尕爾清真寺等一大批文物古跡進行了修繕保護，搶救性保護修復了3000余件珍貴文物，對藏醫(yī)藥、格薩爾、傳統(tǒng)歌舞、手工技藝等重要非物質文化遺產進行了全面保護。
Cultural heritage and relics in ethnic minority areas are protected. The Chinese government attaches great importance to the preservation and development of ethnic minority cultures. It has promulgated laws, established government bodies, and increased spending to develop the cultures of ethnic minority groups. Of all China's cultural items included in the UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage List, 14 are from ethnic minorities. At national level, 492 (36 percent) of the first 1,372 cultural items included in China's intangible cultural heritage list are from ethnic minorities. Of the 3,068 representative trustees of China's intangible cultural heritage, 862 (28 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. China has set up 21 state-level cultural preservation experimental areas, 11 of which are located in ethnic minority areas. Twenty-five provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have institutions that catalogue and study ancient classics and recordings of ethnic minorities. The central and local governments have funded the conservation and renovation of many historical and cultural sites, including the Gaochang Ancient City Ruins, Beiting Ancient City Site, and Kashi's Id Kah Mosque. More than 3,000 precious cultural relics have been conserved and renovated. Traditional Tibetan medicine, the Epic of King Gesar, traditional songs and dances, handicrafts, and other important items of intangible cultural heritage have been protected.

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少數(shù)民族宗教信仰自由獲得充分保障。截至目前，西藏自治區(qū)有藏傳佛教活動場所1778處，住寺僧尼4.6萬多人，正常的宗教活動和宗教信仰依法受到保護?；罘疝D世制度作為藏傳佛教所特有的信仰和傳承方式，得到國家和西藏自治區(qū)各級政府的尊重，國家頒布了《藏傳佛教活佛轉世管理辦法》，西藏自治區(qū)現(xiàn)有活佛358名，其中60多位新轉世活佛按歷史定制和宗教儀軌得到認定。不斷完善藏傳佛教僧人學經制度。截至2017年，西藏自治區(qū)已有84名學經僧人獲得了格西“拉讓巴”學位，168名僧人獲得了中國藏語系高級佛學院“拓然巴”高級學銜。正常宗教需求得到滿足，以多種語言文字翻譯出版發(fā)行伊斯蘭教、佛教、基督教等宗教典籍?！豆盘m經》《布哈里圣訓實錄精華》出版發(fā)行達176萬余冊。完成對藏文大藏經的?？背霭妫≈啤陡手闋枴反蟛亟涍_1490多部供給寺廟，滿足僧尼和信教群眾的學修需求。法律保護正常的宗教活動。開設教職人員解經骨干培訓班、宗教活動場所民主管理組織負責人培訓班等，提升宗教團體自我管理水平。自2011年始，國家宗教事務局已舉辦十余期伊斯蘭教解經骨干培訓班，為新疆培訓教職人員數(shù)百人。中央政府支持新疆伊斯蘭教經學院擴建校舍，改善教學環(huán)境，擴大招生規(guī)模。
Ethnic minority groups' right to freedom of religious belief has been fully protected. Religious beliefs and normal religious activities are protected by law. At the moment Tibet Autonomous Region has 1,778 venues for practicing Tibetan Buddhism, and some 46,000 resident monks and nuns. The Living Buddha reincarnation is a succession system unique to Tibetan Buddhism, and is respected by the state and governments at different levels of the autonomous region, the state having issued the Measures on the Management of the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas of Tibetan Buddhism. Tibet now has 358 Living Buddhas, more than 60 of whom have been confirmed through historical conventions and traditional religious rituals. The system whereby Tibetan Buddhist monks study sutras has been improved. By 2017 a total of 84 monks from Tibet had received senior academic titles in Lhasa and 168 in Beijing. China has published translations of the religious classics of Islam, Buddhism, Christianity and other religions in multiple languages to satisfy normal religious needs. More than 1.76 million copies of the Quran and Selections from Al-Sahih Muhammad Ibn-Ismail al-Bukhari have been distributed. The Tibetan Buddhist canons have been revised and published, and 1,490 copies of the canon Kangyur have been given to monasteries for monks, nuns and religious persons to study. To improve the self-management capacity of religious groups, the state offers training sessions to clerics on interpreting scriptures, and to persons who manage venues for religious activities. Since 2011 the National Religious Affairs Administration has organized over a dozen training sessions on interpreting Islamic scripture, and trained several hundred clerics from Xinjiang. The central government supports the Xinjiang Islamic Institute in expanding its campus, improving teaching conditions, and enrolling more students.

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（二）婦女、兒童和老年人權利
2. Rights of Women, Children and the Elderly

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婦女參與公共事務管理和經濟社會發(fā)展的權利得到切實保障。男女平等基本國策進一步貫徹落實。頒布修訂婦女權益保障法。不斷提高女干部在同級干部中所占比例，全國黨政機關中女性干部從改革開放初期的42.2萬名提升至2017年的190.6萬名，占干部總數(shù)的26.5%。切實保障婦女參政議政權。十三屆全國人大有742名女性代表，占比24.9%；十三屆全國政協(xié)現(xiàn)有442名女性委員，占比20.5%。在2018年各省級兩會上，人大和政協(xié)中的女性比例分別為27.33%和25.69%。加強婦女經濟賦權，著力推動婦女創(chuàng)業(yè)就業(yè)。2016年，全國女性就業(yè)人口占就業(yè)總人口的43.1%。實施鼓勵婦女就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)的小額擔保貸款財政貼息政策，截至2018年6月，全國累計發(fā)放婦女創(chuàng)業(yè)擔保貸款3590多億元，獲貸婦女634萬人次，落實財政貼息資金390多億元。截至2017年9月，全國共簽訂女職工權益保護專項集體合同136.6萬份，覆蓋企業(yè)315.3萬家，覆蓋女職工7999.9萬人。在592個國家扶貧開發(fā)工作重點縣，女性人口的貧困發(fā)生率從2005年的20.3%下降到2010年的9.8%。
Women's rights to equal participation in the administration of public affairs and socioeconomic development are protected. China has taken numerous solid measures to implement the basic state policy of gender equality, and amended the Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests. The proportion of female officials at each level of officialdom has increased steadily, and the number of female officials in Party and government organs has grown from 422,000 at the beginning of reform and opening up to 1.9 million in 2017, accounting for 26.5 percent of all officials. Women participate fully in the administration and discussion of state affairs. The 13th NPC has 742 female deputies (24.9 percent), and the 13th CPPCC National Committee now has 442 female members (20.5 percent). At the 2018 sessions of the provincial people's congresses and political consultative conferences, women made up 27.33 percent and 25.69 percent of all deputies and members. The state has strengthened economic empowerment for women, helping them to start businesses and seek employment. In 2016, women employed nationwide accounted for 43.1 percent of the total employed population. To engage women in employment and entrepreneurship, China has introduced the small-sum guaranteed loan with financial discount. By June 2018, a total of RMB359 billion had been issued in guaranteed loans to 6.34 million women to start businesses, and the government had allocated RMB39 billion for interest discount. By September 2017, 1.37 million collective contracts for protecting female workers' rights and interests had been signed nationwide, covering almost 80 million female workers in 3.15 million enterprises. In the 592 poorest counties which are the main targets of national poverty alleviation and development work, the incidence of poverty of the female population decreased from 20.3 percent in 2005 to 9.8 percent in 2010.

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婦女兒童健康服務水平不斷提高。加強婦幼衛(wèi)生保健，維護婦女兒童健康權益。優(yōu)化衛(wèi)生資源配置，增加農村和邊遠地區(qū)婦幼衛(wèi)生經費投入。2012年至2016年，農村孕產婦住院分娩項目累計補助約4800萬人。2017年，共為1173萬名農村計劃懷孕夫婦提供免費檢查，目標人群覆蓋率平均達91.7%。自2009年6月政府開始實施農村婦女宮頸癌、乳腺癌免費檢查項目，截至2017年，累計共有7000多萬農村婦女接受了宮頸癌免費檢查，1000多萬農村婦女接受了乳腺癌免費檢查。1991年至2017年，中國5歲以下兒童死亡率從61‰降至9.1‰。2016年，5歲以下兒童低體重率、生長遲緩率、貧血患病率分別下降到1.49%、1.15%、4.79%。實施“母親水窖”工程項目，重點幫助西部地區(qū)群眾特別是婦女擺脫因嚴重缺水帶來的生活困境，截至2017年，幫助304萬人獲得安全飲用水。
Health services for women and children have improved. China has strengthened healthcare programs for women and children to safeguard their right to health. It has improved the distribution of health resources, and increased spending on maternal and child healthcare programs in rural, border and remote areas. From 2012 to 2016 about 48 million rural women received state subsidies for delivery of their babies in official institutions. In 2017 the state provided free checkups for 11.73 million rural couples planning for pregnancy, covering 91.7 percent of the target population. In June 2009 the government launched a program of free cervical and breast cancer checkups for rural women, providing free cervical cancer checkups for 70 million and free breast cancer checkups for 10 million by 2017. Between 1991 and 2017 the mortality rate of children under five decreased from 61 per thousand to 9.1. In 2016 the underweight rate for children under five decreased to 1.49 percent. The corresponding rates for growth retardation and incidence of anemia were 1.15 percent and 4.79 percent. The government has initiated a program to provide safe water storage for people, especially women, in the western parts of China, so that they have reliable sources of drinking water. By 2017, a total of 3.04 million people had received help from the program and had access to safe drinking water.

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婦女兒童保護和救助工作持續(xù)加強。開展反家庭暴力的基層司法實踐，探索家庭暴力人身安全保護裁定制度，試點法院從2008年的5個省擴展到2015年的14個省。2015年通過反家庭暴力法，為保障包括婦女在內的家庭成員的合法權益，促進建立平等、和諧、文明的家庭關系發(fā)揮了重要作用?！缎谭ㄐ拚福ň牛纷鞒鲇欣诒Ｕ蠇D女兒童權益的重要修改，更加有力地懲處強奸幼女、拐賣婦女兒童的犯罪行為。頒布修訂未成年人保護法、預防未成年人犯罪法等法律法規(guī)，保護未成年人的身心健康，保障未成年人的合法權益。2009年，公安部建立了世界上第一個打拐DNA信息庫，目前已幫助5500余名被拐兒童與家人團聚；2016年，公安部建立“團圓”打拐系統(tǒng)，截至2018年9月，平臺發(fā)布兒童失蹤信息3419條，找回3367人，找回率98.4%。2017年，全國共有兒童收養(yǎng)救助服務機構663個，床位10.3萬張，年末收留撫養(yǎng)各類人員5.9萬人。截至2017年，共幫助78萬名農村留守兒童得到有效監(jiān)護，為18萬名無戶籍農村留守兒童登記落戶，幫助1.7萬名農村留守兒童返校復學。
Protection and assistance for women and children have been enhanced. China has taken judicial action against domestic violence at the grassroots level. It has experimented with an adjudication system of personal security protection against domestic violence, and courts conducting this pilot program have expanded from 5 provinces in 2008 to 14 in 2015. In 2015 China promulgated the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, which has played an important role in ensuring the legitimate rights of family members including women, and maintaining equal and harmonious family relations. Amendment IX to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China represents a major step forward in protecting women and children's rights and interests; it specifies harsher punishments for the crimes of raping girls under the age of 14 and abducting and trafficking women and children. To ensure the physical and psychological health of minors and to protect their legitimate rights and interests, China has promulgated the Law on the Protection of Minors and the Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, both amended in 2012. In 2009 the Ministry of Public Security developed the world's first DNA database for finding abducted children, having helped 5,500 children reunite with their families to date. On the "Tuan Yuan" (Reunion) online platform initiated in 2016, a total of 3,419 items on missing children had been posted by September 2018, which had helped recover 3,367 children. In 2017 China had 663 child adoption and assistance institutions with 103,000 beds, accommodating 59,000 persons. By 2017 some 780,000 rural children left at home by their migrant worker parents had been provided with effective guardianship, 180,000 previously unregistered left-at-home rural children had been registered, and 17,000 had been returned to school.

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老年人權益保障機制逐步健全。2017年，中國60歲及以上老年人達2.4億，占總人口的17.3%。2012年以來，中國修訂老年人權益保障法，出臺《關于加快發(fā)展養(yǎng)老服務業(yè)的若干意見》《“十三五”國家老齡事業(yè)發(fā)展和養(yǎng)老體系建設規(guī)劃》等70多項政策文件，初步建立養(yǎng)老法規(guī)政策體系。養(yǎng)老服務工作逐步從改革開放前以機構集中照料為主，拓展到以居家為基礎、社區(qū)為依托、機構為補充、醫(yī)養(yǎng)相結合的養(yǎng)老服務體系建設和以家庭養(yǎng)老支持、互助養(yǎng)老為新突破點的融合發(fā)展。截至2017年，全國養(yǎng)老服務已經從1978年的8000多家服務機構，擴大到包括養(yǎng)老機構、社區(qū)養(yǎng)老服務設施、互助型養(yǎng)老設施等各類養(yǎng)老服務機構15.5萬個，床位744.8萬張。加強了針對老年人的社會救助和福利保障，將1781.7萬困難老年人納入最低生活保障范圍，410.2萬特困老年人納入政府供養(yǎng)范圍。截至2017年，全國經濟困難的高齡老年人津貼制度實現(xiàn)省級全覆蓋，全國所有省份均出臺了老年人社會優(yōu)待政策。不斷豐富老年人的社會文化生活，全國共有老年學校4.9萬個，在校學習人員704萬人，各類老年活動室35萬個。
The mechanism for protecting the rights and interests of the elderly has improved. In 2017 some 240 million Chinese were aged 60 or above, accounting for 17.3 percent of the total population. Since 2012 China has amended the Law on Protecting the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, and released more than 70 policy papers, such as the Decisions on Accelerating the Development of the Old-Age Service Industry and the Program for Developing China's Old-Age Services and System Building During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, forming a legal and policy framework for old-age care. Before reform and opening up China's elderly were mainly cared for in nursing homes. Now more of them receive home care and community services, but can still choose nursing homes or facilities with medical care services. New models of old-age care such as "mutual support" in rural areas are also expanding. By 2017 China had 155,000 institutions with 7.45 million beds to provide old-age services, including nursing homes, community-based old-age service facilities, and "mutual support" facilities-a stark contrast with just 8,000 nursing homes in 1978. The state has strengthened social assistance and welfare for the elderly, providing subsistence allowances to 17.8 million elderly persons in need and supporting 4.1 million elderly persons in extreme poverty with government funding. By 2017 the allowances for impoverished senior citizens over the specified age had covered all provinces, which had also released preferential policies for the elderly. To enrich the cultural life of the elderly, there are now 49,000 schools for the elderly with more than 7 million students, and 350,000 activity centers.

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（三）殘疾人權利
3. Rights of Persons with Disabilities

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殘疾人權益保障的法律體系不斷完善，政府將殘疾人工作納入重要工作議程?！捌降?、參與、共享”理念漸入人心，殘疾人生存、發(fā)展和參與狀況明顯改善，殘疾人事業(yè)取得顯著進步。
The laws ensuring the rights and interests of persons with disabilities have been improved, and the government has placed work in relation to the disabled high on its agenda. As society promotes equality, participation and sharing of benefits for the disabled, they have fared better in terms of quality of life, development, and participation in social affairs.

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殘疾人權益保障機制日益健全。逐步實現(xiàn)殘疾人權益保障法治化，制定殘疾人保障法，截至2018年4月，直接涉及殘疾人權益保障的法律有80多部，行政法規(guī)有50多部。將殘疾人事業(yè)納入國家發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，先后頒布七個殘疾人事業(yè)五年發(fā)展規(guī)劃，對殘疾人權益保障工作做出總體部署，設立殘疾預防日。各級政府完善殘疾人工作機制，統(tǒng)籌推進殘疾人事業(yè)發(fā)展。截至2017年，全國設立殘疾人法律援助工作站2600余個，建成法律援助便民服務窗口2500余個，各級殘疾人聯(lián)合會建立殘疾人法律救助工作站1746個。殘疾人事業(yè)財政支持大幅增長，2017年，中央預算內投資比上一個五年增長458%，殘疾人服務設施達到3822個。
The mechanism for ensuring the rights and interests of the disabled has improved. China has formulated a system of laws to ensure disabled persons' rights, including the Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons. By April 2018 the state had promulgated more than 80 laws and 50 administrative regulations directly relating to the protection of the rights and interests of the disabled. Having included the development of disabled persons in the national development strategy, China has released seven five-year plans for the development of the disabled, including overall plans for ensuring their rights. China has also established a Disability Prevention Day. All levels of government have improved their work mechanisms in matters related to the disabled, coordinating efforts for their wellbeing. By 2017 China had 2,600 legal assistance centers and 2,500 legal assistance windows for the disabled, as well as 1,746 legal assistance stations funded by disabled persons' associations at various levels. The government has significantly increased spending on the disabled. In 2017 the central budgetary investment grew by 458 percent compared to the previous five-year period, establishing 3,822 service facilities for the disabled.

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殘疾人社會保障權得到有效落實。全面建立困難殘疾人生活補貼和重度殘疾人護理補貼制度，惠及2100萬殘疾人。截至2017年，2614.7萬城鄉(xiāng)殘疾人參加城鄉(xiāng)社會養(yǎng)老保險，1042.3萬殘疾人領取養(yǎng)老金；547.2萬60歲以下參保的重度殘疾人中有529.5萬得到了政府參保扶助，代繳養(yǎng)老保險費比例達到96.8%。對貧困殘疾人參加醫(yī)療保險給予費用減免，將運動療法等29項醫(yī)療康復項目納入基本醫(yī)療保險支付范圍。
The disabled persons' right to social security is ensured. China has established a subsidy system for the living expenses of disabled persons in need and to pay the nursing costs of persons with severe disabilities, benefitting 21 million disabled persons. By 2017 a total of 26.15 million disabled persons were covered in old-age insurance schemes in both urban and rural areas, with 10.42 million receiving old-age pensions. Of the 5.47 million severely disabled people under the age of 60 who took part in such schemes, 5.29 million had received insurance subsidies from the government, which paid for 96.8 percent of their premiums. Impoverished disabled persons subscribing to basic medical insurance pay a reduced premium, and kinesitherapy and 28 other medical rehabilitation programs are now covered by basic medical insurance.

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殘疾人康復權保障體系逐步完善。全面開展殘疾預防，深度推進精準康復，努力實現(xiàn)殘疾人“人人享有康復服務”的目標。實施《殘疾預防和殘疾人康復條例》，殘疾人康復機構從無到有，專業(yè)隊伍逐漸壯大，工作體系、業(yè)務格局、運行機制逐步建立，服務能力日益提高。截至2017年，全國已竣工并投入使用的省、市、縣三級康復設施833個，全國殘疾人專業(yè)康復服務機構8334個，在崗人員24.6萬人，2000多個縣（市、區(qū)）開展社區(qū)康復服務。建立殘疾兒童康復救助制度，為殘疾兒童接受基本康復救助提供制度性保障。8個省市建立了殘疾人輔助器具補貼制度，減輕了殘疾人家庭經濟負擔。完善工傷康復制度，提高傷殘撫恤標準。2017年，殘疾人康復服務覆蓋率達到65.6%。
The system for ensuring disabled persons' right to rehabilitation has improved. China has introduced programs on preventing disabilities and implemented targeted rehabilitation programs, so that every disabled person has access to rehabilitation services. The state has issued the Regulations on the Prevention of Disabilities and Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons, building rehabilitation centers with standard practices and operating models, and developing professionals capable of delivering consistent quality services. By 2017 there were 833 rehabilitation facilities at the provincial, city and county levels nationwide, and 8,334 professional rehabilitation services for the disabled, with a team of 246,000 professionals. More than 2,000 counties (cities, districts) provided community rehabilitation services. A mechanism for providing rehabilitation services to disabled children has been established. Eight provinces and municipalities now provide subsidies to the disabled when they buy assistance devices, lightening the economic burden of families with disabled members. The state has improved the work-related injury rehabilitation system, and increased compensation for disabilities caused by work-related injuries. In 2017, 65.6 percent of disabled persons were covered by rehabilitation services.

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殘疾人受教育權保障持續(xù)改善。中國保障殘疾人享有平等受教育權，頒布修訂了《殘疾人教育條例》，將殘疾人教育納入《國家中長期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010－2020年）》和《“十三五”推進基本公共服務均等化規(guī)劃》，制定實施兩期《特殊教育提升計劃》，著力辦好特殊教育，努力發(fā)展融合教育，提高殘疾人受教育水平。建立從幼兒園到高等院校的殘疾學生資助體系，自2016年秋季起，為家庭經濟困難的殘疾學生提供從小學到高中階段的12年免費教育。截至2016年，視力、聽力、智力三類殘疾兒童義務教育入學率超過90%，其他類別殘疾兒童受教育機會明顯增加。鼓勵特殊教育學校增設學前班或附屬幼兒園，將殘疾兒童接受學前教育納入幼兒資助范圍。2017年，全國共有特殊教育普通高中班（部）112個，在校生8466人；殘疾人中等職業(yè)學校（班）132個，在校生12968人；1845名殘疾人進入高等特殊教育學院學習。努力發(fā)展融合教育。2017年，義務教育階段普通學校在校殘疾學生超過30萬人，占義務教育階段殘疾學生總數(shù)的比例超過50%，10818名殘疾人被普通高等院校錄取。
Disabled persons' right to education is better protected. China ensures that the disabled enjoy equal right to education. The government has promulgated and revised the Regulations on Education for the Disabled, including their education in China's Middle-and Long-Term Education Reform and Development Program 2010-2020 and the Program for Equitable Access to Basic Public Services During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period. China has twice implemented the Special Education Promotion Plan, striving to develop special education and inclusive education to increase the level of education for the disabled. The state has established a funding system for disabled students from kindergarten to higher education. In autumn 2016 China began to provide 12-year free education from primary to senior high school for disabled students from poor families. By 2016 over 90 percent of children with impaired eyesight, hearing or mental disability had received compulsory education, and children with other types of disability also had increased access to education. The state encourages special education schools to run preschool courses or kindergartens, and has provided funding for disabled children receiving preschool education. In 2017 China had 112 senior high classes (departments) in special education, with 8,466 students on campus, and 132 secondary vocational schools (classes) for the disabled, with 12,968 students. 1,845 disabled persons studied at colleges of special education. China strives to develop inclusive education. In 2017, more than 300,000 disabled students-over 50 percent of all disabled students receiving compulsory education-studied at regular schools during the compulsory education phase, and 10,818 disabled persons were enrolled at regular institutions of higher learning.

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殘疾人文化權利保障取得顯著進步。殘疾人文化服務納入國家公共文化服務體系。截至2017年，全國省、地市級電視臺共開設電視手語欄目285個，廣播電臺共開設殘疾人專題廣播節(jié)目223個，省、地、縣三級公共圖書館共設立盲文及盲文有聲讀物閱覽室959個，座席數(shù)達2.5萬個。在全國開展殘疾人文化周和“共享芬芳”公益巡演展覽等文化活動，每年有200多萬殘疾人參與。努力發(fā)展殘疾人特殊藝術，每四年舉辦一屆全國殘疾人藝術匯演，每屆直接和間接參與的殘疾人達10余萬人。全國各類殘疾人藝術團體快速發(fā)展，已達281個，殘疾人文化藝術從業(yè)人員近30萬名。結合文化扶貧、文化助殘，實施“文化進社區(qū)”“文化進家庭”“盲人數(shù)字閱讀推廣工程”等項目，為基層殘疾人提供優(yōu)秀文化產品和服務。
Disabled persons' cultural rights are ensured. Cultural services for the disabled have been included in the nation's public cultural services system. By 2017 China's provincial-and prefecture-level television stations had run 285 programs employing sign language. Broadcasting stations had aired 223 radio programs specially for the disabled, and public libraries at the provincial, prefecture and county levels had set up 959 reading rooms with books in Braille and audio books, providing some 25,000 seats. Each year, more than 2 million disabled persons take part in cultural weeks and enjoy charity performances and exhibitions nationwide. To develop disabled arts, the state holds a national disabled arts variety show every four years, with some 100,000 disabled persons attending each time. Art troupes of the disabled have grown quickly to 281 in number, and nearly 300,000 disabled persons work in the culture and arts industry. The government provides cultural services to impoverished disabled persons, and to their families and communities. Through the "digital reading" promotion program for visually impaired persons and many other programs, China offers quality cultural products and services to its disabled population.

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殘疾人就業(yè)權獲得有效保障。殘疾人勞動就業(yè)的基本權利受到法律的嚴格保護。省、市、縣三級政府建立了專門的殘疾人就業(yè)服務機構，截至2017年，殘疾人就業(yè)服務機構近3000家，工作人員1.5萬人。實施殘疾人職業(yè)技能提升計劃，建立了500家國家級殘疾人職業(yè)培訓基地，350家省級殘疾人職業(yè)培訓基地。2013年以來，中國政府為近1800萬殘疾人建立了就業(yè)和培訓信息檔案，年均新增就業(yè)33.3萬殘疾人。截至2017年，城鄉(xiāng)持證殘疾人就業(yè)人數(shù)達到942.1萬人。
Disabled persons' right to employment is effectively guaranteed. The basic right of disabled persons to employment is strictly protected by law. In China, the provincial, city and county governments have established offices in service of disabled persons seeking employment. By 2017 there were nearly 3,000 such offices with a staff of 15,000. China has initiated an occupational skills promotion program for the disabled, setting up 500 state-level and 350 provincial-level vocational training bases. Since 2013 the Chinese government has kept files on employment and training for 18 million disabled persons, and each year some 333,000 disabled persons enter the workforce. By 2017 more than 9.42 million registered disabled persons were working in urban and rural areas.

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無障礙環(huán)境支持與輔助器具服務加速推進。制定并實施《無障礙環(huán)境建設條例》，在無障礙設施建設、信息交流、社區(qū)服務等方面作出規(guī)定，保障殘疾人等社會成員平等參與社會生活。截至2017年，全國共出臺451個省、地市、縣級無障礙建設與管理的法規(guī)、規(guī)章和規(guī)范性文件。2016年至2017年共有182.8萬個殘疾人家庭得到無障礙改造。信息無障礙建設步伐加快，截至2018年1月，500多家政府單位完成了信息無障礙公共服務平臺建設，3萬多個政務和公共服務網站實現(xiàn)了無障礙。累計建立殘疾人健身示范點9053個，22.2萬戶重度殘疾人享受到康復體育關愛家庭項目服務。2017年，有244.4萬殘疾人得到盲杖、助視器、假肢等各類輔助器具適配服務。維護殘疾人駕駛機動車權利，已有16萬殘疾人領取了機動車駕駛證，殘疾人個人行動和社會參與能力得到提升。
More barrier-free facilities and assistance devices have been provided. China has released the Regulations on the Building of Barrier-Free Environments, with provisions on the building of barrier-free facilities, information exchange, and community services, in an effort to ensure that disabled persons can participate equally in social life. By 2017 a total of 451 laws, regulations and normative documents on the construction and management of barrier-free facilities had been issued at the provincial, prefecture and county levels. Between 2016 and 2017 the government helped 1.83 million families with disabled members renovate their homes with barrier-free facilities. China is moving faster to provide barrier-free information services. By January 2018 more than 500 government organs had set up barrier-free public service information platforms, and more than 30,000 websites on government affairs and public services are barrier-free. A total of 9,053 fitness facilities for the disabled have been established, and 222,000 families with severely disabled members have received rehabilitation and fitness services. In 2017 2.44 million disabled persons were provided with tactile sticks, visual aids, artificial limbs and other assistance devices. The disabled persons' right to drive motor vehicles is protected. Some 160,000 disabled persons who have obtained their drivers' licenses can now travel and take part in various activities more freely.