三、有效實(shí)現(xiàn)各項(xiàng)人權(quán)全面發(fā)展
III. Fully Developing Human Rights in All Respects

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改革開放40年來，中國堅(jiān)持將促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展作為人權(quán)事業(yè)發(fā)展的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn)，協(xié)調(diào)推進(jìn)各項(xiàng)人權(quán)全面實(shí)現(xiàn)，經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化權(quán)利保障水平持續(xù)提升，公民權(quán)利和政治權(quán)利保障機(jī)制不斷加強(qiáng)。
Over the past four decades since the launch of reform and opening up, China has taken all-round development of the human being as the intent and goal of human rights. It has made comprehensive progress in all human rights, ensured economic, social and cultural rights, and enhanced the mechanisms guaranteeing civil and political rights.

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人民生活水平顯著提升。1978年至2017年，中國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值從3679億元增至827122億元；人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值從385元增至59660元，扣除價(jià)格因素，比1978年增長22.8倍，年均實(shí)際增長8.5%。中國人均國民總收入由1978年的200美元提高到2017年的8690美元，超過中等偏上收入國家平均水平。中國城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村居民人均可支配收入分別由1978年的343元、134元增長至2017年的36396元和13432元。2017年，全國居民人均消費(fèi)支出18322元，扣除價(jià)格因素，比1978年實(shí)際增長18倍，年均增長7.8%。消費(fèi)層次由溫飽型向全面小康型轉(zhuǎn)變。1978年，城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村居民家庭恩格爾系數(shù)分別為57.5%和67.7%，2017年分別下降至28.6%和31.2%。中國的人類發(fā)展指數(shù)大幅提高，從1980年的0.423提高到2017年的0.752，逐步從低人類發(fā)展水平國家躍升至高人類發(fā)展水平國家。在1990年處于低人類發(fā)展水平組別的47個(gè)國家中，中國是目前唯一躋身高人類發(fā)展水平組的國家。
Significant improvement in people's lives. Between 1978 and 2017, China's GDP increased from RMB367.9 billion to RMB82.7 trillion and per capita GDP from RMB385 to RMB59,660, a 22.8-fold increase, or a real growth of 8.5 percent per year adjusted for inflation. Per capita gross national income rose from US$200 in 1978 to US$8,690 in 2017, above the average level of upper middle-income countries. The per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents grew from RMB343 and RMB134 in 1978 to RMB36,396 and RMB13,432 respectively in 2017. In 2017, national per capita consumer spending was RMB18,322, an 18-fold increase over 1978 or a real growth of 7.8 percent per year adjusted for inflation. The country is moving from a society based on subsistence to one based on plenty. The Engel coefficient of urban and rural households in 1978 was 57.5 percent and 67.7 percent, which fell to 28.6 percent and 31.2 percent respectively in 2017. China's human development index (HDI) value has risen significantly from 0.423 in 1980 to 0.752 in 2017, gradually moving into ranks of countries with higher HDI. Among the 47 bottom-ranked countries measured in 1990, China is the only one to have risen into the ranks of the "high human development" countries.

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人身人格權(quán)保障不斷加強(qiáng)。憲法確認(rèn)了公民人格權(quán)。中共十九大再次強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)人民人身權(quán)、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)、人格權(quán)，彰顯了保護(hù)人格尊嚴(yán)、促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展的人文關(guān)懷。民法通則和侵權(quán)責(zé)任法進(jìn)一步建立了人格權(quán)保護(hù)體系。民法總則專設(shè)“民事權(quán)利”一章，其中對(duì)人格權(quán)作了專門規(guī)定。2018年8月，提請(qǐng)審議的民法典各分編草案中，設(shè)立了獨(dú)立的人格權(quán)編。廢止收容遣送制度和勞動(dòng)教養(yǎng)制度。大力推進(jìn)戶籍制度改革。2014年，國務(wù)院印發(fā)關(guān)于進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)戶籍制度改革的意見，進(jìn)一步放寬了戶口遷徙政策限制，促進(jìn)有能力在城鎮(zhèn)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)的常住人口有序?qū)崿F(xiàn)市民化。2017年，全國戶籍人口城鎮(zhèn)化率達(dá)到42.35%，比2012年提高7個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。中共十八大以來，共為1400余萬無戶口人員辦理了落戶，全國無戶口人員登記戶口問題已經(jīng)基本解決。嚴(yán)格依法保障住宅不受侵犯、通信自由和信息安全。2017年，公安機(jī)關(guān)開展專項(xiàng)行動(dòng)，集中辦理了一批涉嫌侵犯公民個(gè)人信息的案事件，泄露公民個(gè)人信息案事件得到有效遏制。
Increased protection of personal rights and right to dignity. The Constitution confirms citizens' right to dignity. The 19th CPC National Congress again emphasized the protection of personal rights, property rights and right to dignity, demonstrating the humane view of protecting dignity and promoting the all-round development of the human being. General Principles of the Civil Law and Tort Liability Law further establish the system of protection for right to dignity. "Civil rights" as one chapter is included in General Provisions of the Civil Law to elaborate right to dignity. In August 2018, right to dignity as an individual book was contained in the draft Civil Code. China has abolished the detention and repatriation system and the reeducation through labor system. It is now accelerating the reform of the household registration system. In 2014, Decisions on Furthering the Household Registration Reform released by the State Council relaxed the restriction on the transfer of household registration (hukou), enabling eligible regular residents with stable employment in urban areas to localize their residency. In 2017, the urbanization rate of registered population stood at 42.35 percent, up 7 percentage points over 2012. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, more than 14 million people without hukou have completed household registration, basically bringing the entire population into the hukou system. Inviolability of residence, freedom of correspondence and information security are fully protected by law. In 2017, the public security agencies launched special programs to handle cases involving invasion of personal information to effectively curb personal information leakage.

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財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)受到法律保護(hù)。中國憲法規(guī)定，公民的合法的私有財(cái)產(chǎn)不受侵犯，國家依照法律規(guī)定保護(hù)公民的私有財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)和繼承權(quán)；國家保護(hù)個(gè)體經(jīng)濟(jì)、私營經(jīng)濟(jì)等非公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)的合法的權(quán)利和利益。物權(quán)法規(guī)定，國家、集體、私人的物權(quán)和其他權(quán)利人的物權(quán)受法律保護(hù)，任何單位和個(gè)人不得侵犯。改革開放以來實(shí)施的家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制是現(xiàn)行中國農(nóng)村土地制度的基石，農(nóng)民依法享有土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)。2014年以來，中國扎實(shí)推進(jìn)農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)確權(quán)登記頒證工作，截至2018年6月，31個(gè)?。▍^(qū)、市）均開展了承包地確權(quán)工作，承包地確權(quán)面積達(dá)13.91億畝，建立完善土地承包合同1.89億份，頒發(fā)土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)證書1.35億份。中共十九大明確提出，保持土地承包關(guān)系穩(wěn)定并長久不變，第二輪土地承包到期后再延長三十年。
Legal protection of property. The Constitution stipulates that the private property of citizens is inviolable. The state protects citizens' property rights and right of inheritance by law, as well as the legitimate rights and interests of non-public commercial sectors such as the individual economy and private enterprise. The Property Law specifies that the property rights of the state, collectives, individuals and other legal persons are under the protection of law and shall not be infringed by any unit or individual. The household contract responsibility system that entitles farmers to manage contracted public-owned land, implemented following reform and opening up, is the cornerstone of China's current rural land system. Since 2014, China has made solid efforts to confirm and register the management rights of contracted land, and to issue titles to land in rural areas. By June 2018, 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) had finished this work, with the total area of contracted land reaching 1.39 billion mu. A total of 189 million land contracts had been signed and improved, and 135 million titles had been issued. The 19th CPC National Congress stated that the land contract relationship should sustain for the foreseeable future, and should be extended for a further 30 years after the second round of contracts expires.

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工作權(quán)得到有效保障。中國把促進(jìn)就業(yè)放在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的優(yōu)先位置，堅(jiān)持就業(yè)優(yōu)先戰(zhàn)略和更加積極的就業(yè)政策，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)更高質(zhì)量和更充分就業(yè)。伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革，勞動(dòng)就業(yè)制度改革不斷深化，逐步形成了適應(yīng)社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)要求的就業(yè)體制機(jī)制。1978年至2017年，中國就業(yè)人員從40152萬人增至77640萬人，年均增長961萬人，超過總?cè)丝谠鏊?。城?zhèn)新增就業(yè)自2003年建立統(tǒng)計(jì)制度以來，年均實(shí)現(xiàn)新增就業(yè)人數(shù)1178萬人，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率長期處于低位，城鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查失業(yè)率低于世界平均水平。城鎮(zhèn)單位在崗職工年平均工資從1978年的615元增長到2017年的76121元，扣除物價(jià)因素，年均增長7.7%。勞動(dòng)者勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬權(quán)、休息休假權(quán)、職業(yè)安全衛(wèi)生保護(hù)權(quán)、女性勞動(dòng)者特殊勞動(dòng)保護(hù)權(quán)、參與企業(yè)民主管理等各項(xiàng)權(quán)利得到依法保障。全面實(shí)施勞動(dòng)合同制度，穩(wěn)妥推行集體協(xié)商和集體合同制度，建設(shè)國家協(xié)調(diào)勞動(dòng)關(guān)系三方機(jī)制，建立健全勞動(dòng)保障監(jiān)察制度和勞動(dòng)人事爭議處理制度，切實(shí)維護(hù)勞動(dòng)者合法權(quán)益。2017年，企業(yè)職工勞動(dòng)合同簽訂率達(dá)到90%。加快構(gòu)建安全生產(chǎn)預(yù)防控制體系，有力保障勞動(dòng)者工作生產(chǎn)安全。
Effective protection of the right to work. China highlights employment in its economic and social development, advocating a jobs-first strategy and a more proactive employment policy to promote higher-quality jobs and maximum employment. As the economic structure is upgraded, reform of the employment system deepens, gradually putting in place an employment mechanism adapted to the socialist market economy. From 1978 to 2017, China's employed population increased from 401.52 million to 776.4 million. The average annual growth of 9.61 million is faster than total population growth. Since 2003, when a complete statistical system was put in place, the annual increase of new jobs in urban areas has been 11.78 million, and the registered urban unemployment rate has been low over many years, with the surveyed unemployment rate lower than the world average. The average yearly income of urban employees rose from RMB615 in 1978 to RMB76,121 in 2017, an annual increase of 7.7 percent in real terms. The right of remuneration for labor, right to rest and leisure, right to occupational safety and health, special right of women workers and the right to participate in the democratic management of businesses are protected by law. The labor contract mechanism, the collective contract mechanism, and collective consultation are all being implemented. A government-trade union-enterprise tripartite coordination mechanism, a labor security supervision mechanism, and a labor dispute settlement mechanism have all been set up to protect the legitimate rights and interests of workers. In 2017, 90 percent of enterprise employees had signed labor contracts. A workplace safety and accident prevention and control system to protect laborers is being implemented and constantly improved.

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社會(huì)保障權(quán)享有日益充分。中國建成了世界上規(guī)模最大、覆蓋人口最多的社會(huì)保障體系，拉動(dòng)世界社保覆蓋率提高11個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。截至2018年6月，基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)、失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)、工傷保險(xiǎn)參保人數(shù)分別達(dá)到9.25億、1.91億、2.3億，包括城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)、新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)和城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)在內(nèi)的基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)覆蓋人口超過13億；社會(huì)保障卡持卡人數(shù)達(dá)11.5億人，覆蓋全國82.81%人口。中國根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展水平等因素，穩(wěn)步提高各項(xiàng)社會(huì)保障水平。自2005年起，連續(xù)14年提高企業(yè)退休人員基本養(yǎng)老金水平。城鄉(xiāng)居民基本醫(yī)保人均財(cái)政補(bǔ)助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由2012年的240元提高到2018年的490元。借助互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、大數(shù)據(jù)等信息技術(shù)，不斷提高社會(huì)保障領(lǐng)域公共服務(wù)能力。2016年，國家異地就醫(yī)結(jié)算系統(tǒng)正式上線，實(shí)現(xiàn)跨省異地就醫(yī)持社會(huì)保障卡即時(shí)結(jié)算。
Extended protection of the right to social security. China has built the largest-scale social security system covering the largest population of the world, raising the world social security coverage rate by 11 percentage points. By June 2018, 925 million people had been covered by basic endowment insurance, 191 million by unemployment insurance, and 230 million by work-related injury insurance. The basic medical insurance system providing basic medical insurance for urban workers, basic medical insurance for urban residents, and new-type rural cooperative medical insurance for rural population covers more than 1.3 billion people. A total of 1.15 billion people hold social security cards, representing 82.81 percent of the population. China is comprehensively improving its social security system based on its economic and social development. It has raised the basic pension of company retirees every year since 2005. Per capita government subsidies for basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents rose from RMB240 in 2012 to RMB490 in 2018. China is improving its capability in offering social security services via information technology such as internet and big data. In 2016, a system was officially launched to provide for real-time settlement of medical expenses for treatment incurred outside the province where the patient resides through the social security card.

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受教育權(quán)保障水平顯著提升。中國大力實(shí)施教育優(yōu)先發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，加快推進(jìn)教育現(xiàn)代化，切實(shí)保障公民平等受教育的權(quán)利。國家財(cái)政性教育經(jīng)費(fèi)支出占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值以不低于4%為目標(biāo)，2012年至2017年，全國教育經(jīng)費(fèi)總投入累計(jì)接近21萬億元。國民受教育程度大幅提升，15歲及以上人口平均受教育年限由1982年的5.3年提高到2017年的9.6年，勞動(dòng)年齡人口平均受教育年限達(dá)10.5年。學(xué)前教育快速發(fā)展。2017年，全國幼兒園數(shù)量達(dá)25.5萬所，比1978年增長55.5%，學(xué)前三年毛入園率達(dá)79.6%。頒布修訂義務(wù)教育法，實(shí)行九年制義務(wù)教育。2017年，全國共有義務(wù)教育學(xué)校21.9萬所，在校生1.45億人，小學(xué)學(xué)齡兒童凈入學(xué)率達(dá)99.91%，初中階段毛入學(xué)率達(dá)103.5%，九年義務(wù)教育鞏固率為93.8%，義務(wù)教育普及程度已達(dá)到世界高收入國家的平均水平。高中階段教育基本普及。2017年，全國共有高中階段教育學(xué)校2.46萬所，在校學(xué)生3971萬人，比1978年增加2167萬人；初中畢業(yè)生升學(xué)率達(dá)94.9%，比1978年提高54個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；高中階段毛入學(xué)率達(dá)88.3%，已超過世界中高收入國家86.7%的平均水平。高等教育蓬勃發(fā)展。2017年，全國共有高校2913所，在校生規(guī)模達(dá)3779萬人，毛入學(xué)率達(dá)45.7%。建成世界最大規(guī)模的職業(yè)教育體系，為普及高中階段教育和推動(dòng)高等教育大眾化作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。
Marked improvement in the protection of the right to education. China has made great efforts in implementing the education-first strategy to modernize education and guarantee equal access to education for all. Government spending on education is targeted to be no lower than 4 percent of GDP. From 2012 to 2017, national expenditure on education totaled close to RMB21 trillion. The level of national education has significantly improved: The average years of schooling for those aged 15 and over rose from 5.3 in 1982 to 9.6 in 2017; the figure for the working-age population reached 10.5. Rapid progress has been made in preschool education. In 2017, the total number of kindergartens stood at 255,000, an increase of 55.5 percent over 1978, with the gross enrollment rate reaching 79.6 percent. A Compulsory Education Law was formulated and then revised to extend the enforcement of nine-year compulsory education. In 2017, there were 219,000 public schools for compulsory education, accommodating 145 million students. The net enrollment rate of primary school-age children was 99.91 percent, the gross enrollment rate of middle school-age population was 103.5 percent, and the completion rate of compulsory education was 93.8 percent. The availability of compulsory education has reached the average level of high-income countries. Availability of senior secondary education in China is now basically universal. In 2017, there were 24,600 senior high schools nationwide, with a total of 39.71 million students on campus, an increase of 21.67 million over 1978. The rate of students entering high school was 94.9 percent, up 54 percentage points from 1978, and the gross enrollment rate of senior high school-age population was 88.3 percent, higher than the average level of mid-and high-income countries (86.7 percent). Higher education is developing vigorously. In 2017, there were 2,913 universities across the country, with 37.79 million students on campus, representing a gross enrollment rate of 45.7 percent of college-age population. A mass vocational education system has been built, contributing significantly to the popularity of high school education and higher education.

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文化權(quán)保障充分有效。全國文化事業(yè)費(fèi)投入持續(xù)快速增長，由1978年的4.44億元增至2017年的855.80億元，增長192.7倍，年均增長14.4%。建立國家基本公共文化服務(wù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制度，制定《國家基本公共文化服務(wù)指導(dǎo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2015－2020年）》。發(fā)展公共文化設(shè)施，實(shí)施免費(fèi)開放。2017年，全國共有公共圖書館3166個(gè)，每萬人擁有公共圖書館面積為109平方米，是1978年的12.1倍；公共圖書館共藏書9.7億冊(cè)，總流通人次7.45億次，分別比1979年增長438.9%、856.7%；博物館4721個(gè)，比1978年增長12.5倍；博物館收藏文物3662.3萬件（套），參觀人次達(dá)9.7億。推進(jìn)基本公共文化服務(wù)均等化。截至2017年，全國已建成文化館（站）44521個(gè)、村（社區(qū)）綜合性文化服務(wù)中心340560個(gè)。創(chuàng)新公共文化服務(wù)方式，數(shù)字文化服務(wù)能力快速提升。2017年，公共圖書館電子圖書達(dá)10.3億冊(cè)，計(jì)算機(jī)22.1萬臺(tái)，其中供讀者使用的電子閱覽終端14.43萬臺(tái)；截至2017年，廣播、電視節(jié)目綜合人口覆蓋率分別達(dá)99.81%和99.07%；全國文化信息資源共享工程和數(shù)字圖書館推廣計(jì)劃資源總量近700TB。制定《全民科學(xué)素質(zhì)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃綱要（2006－2010－2020年）》《中國公民科學(xué)素質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)》，加強(qiáng)科普工作，提升公民科學(xué)文化素質(zhì)。
Full and effective protection of cultural rights. Government funding for cultural undertakings is increasing rapidly, from RMB444 million in 1978 to RMB85.58 billion in 2017, a yearly increase of 14.4 percent. The national public cultural service standards have been established, and the National Guiding Standards for Public Cultural Services (2015-2020) are being introduced. Many public cultural facilities have been opened to the public for free. In 2017, there were 3,166 public libraries nationwide, with 109 sq m of public library space per 10,000 people, an 11.1-fold increase over 1978. These public libraries contained 970 million volumes, and received 745 million visits. The total number of China's museums stood at 4,721 in 2017, a 12.5-fold increase over 1978. In 2017, they contained 36.62 million items, and received 970 million visitors. Equal access to public cultural services is an important goal. By 2017, a total of 44,521 cultural centers and 340,560 comprehensive cultural service centers in villages and communities had been set up. Digital cultural services are a new innovation in providing public cultural services. In 2017, public libraries had more than 1 billion ebooks, 221,000 computers, and 144,300 electronic readers. By 2017, the total broadcasting network had covered 99.81 percent of the population, and 99.07 percent had had access to television; the database of the cultural information resources sharing project and the digital library promotion project had amounted to 700 terabytes. The Outline of the National Scheme for Scientific Literacy (2006-2010-2020) and the Benchmark for the Scientific Literacy of Chinese Citizens have been formulated to popularize science and improve the public's understanding and appreciation of science and culture.

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選舉權(quán)受到法律保障。選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)是中國憲法規(guī)定的公民基本權(quán)利。中國堅(jiān)持發(fā)展社會(huì)主義民主政治，保障人人享有平等的選舉權(quán)利，先后制定全國人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)選舉法、地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民政府組織法等。堅(jiān)持實(shí)行普遍、平等、直接選舉和間接選舉相結(jié)合以及差額選舉的原則，憲法規(guī)定凡年滿18周歲的中國公民，不分民族、種族、性別、職業(yè)、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、財(cái)產(chǎn)狀況、居住期限，除依法被剝奪政治權(quán)利的人外，都有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)。中國根據(jù)國情和實(shí)際，不斷修改選舉法，完善選舉制度，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)了城鄉(xiāng)按相同人口比例選舉人大代表，并保證各地區(qū)、各民族、各方面都有適當(dāng)數(shù)量的代表。在2016年開始的全國縣鄉(xiāng)兩級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)換屆選舉中，共有9億多選民參選，直接選舉產(chǎn)生250多萬名縣鄉(xiāng)兩級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)代表。全國人民代表大會(huì)代表的代表性不斷增強(qiáng)，在2018年十三屆全國人大的2980名代表中，一線工人、農(nóng)民代表468名，專業(yè)技術(shù)人員代表613名，婦女代表742名，少數(shù)民族代表438名。城鄉(xiāng)基層民主有序發(fā)展，以城鄉(xiāng)村（居）民自治為核心，民主選舉、民主協(xié)商、民主決策、民主管理、民主監(jiān)督為主要內(nèi)容的基層群眾自治制度基本建立。截至2017年，全國農(nóng)村普遍開展了9輪以上村委會(huì)換屆選舉，98%以上的村委會(huì)依法實(shí)行直接選舉，村民參選率達(dá)95%；居民委員會(huì)換屆選舉參選率達(dá)90%以上。
Legal protection of the right to vote. The right to vote and to stand in elections is a basic right enshrined in the Constitution. China is committed to the development of socialist democracy and ensures that everyone is entitled to an equal right to vote. It has enacted electoral laws for the National People's Congress and local people's congresses, and organization laws for local people's congresses and governments. The principles of universality, equality, direct election, indirect election and competitive election are applied. The Constitution stipulates, "All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 shall have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status and length of residence. Persons who have been deprived of political rights in accordance with the law shall not have the right to vote and stand for election." China has amended electoral laws and improved the election system to gradually ensure that both rural and urban areas adopt the same ratio of deputies from the represented population in elections of people's congress deputies, and all regions, ethnic groups and fields have a certain proportion of deputies. In the new elections to the people's congresses at county and township levels beginning in 2016, a total of 900 million constituents cast votes for more than 2.5 million deputies. The makeup of deputies to the National People's Congress is becoming more representative. Among the 2,980 deputies to the 13th National People's Congress in 2018 are 468 frontline workers and farmers, 613 professional and technical personnel, 742 women, and 438 representatives of ethnic minorities. Orderly development is seen in community-level democracy. A community-level self-governance system is now in place featuring self-governance by urban and rural residents, and democratic election, consultation, decision-making, management and supervision. By 2017, more than nine rounds of villagers committee elections had been held among villages across the nation. More than 98 percent of these had been conducted by direct election, with more than 95 percent of villagers taking part. The participation rate of urban residents in the election of neighborhood committees exceeds 90 percent.

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知情權(quán)得到充分保障。政務(wù)公開制度體系更加完善，平臺(tái)建設(shè)逐步加強(qiáng)。2004年，國務(wù)院發(fā)布《全面推進(jìn)依法行政實(shí)施綱要》，要求推進(jìn)政府信息公開，除涉及國家秘密和依法受到保護(hù)的商業(yè)秘密、個(gè)人隱私的事項(xiàng)外，行政機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)該公開政府信息；對(duì)公開的政府信息，公眾有權(quán)查閱；行政機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)該為公眾查閱政府信息提供便利條件。2016年2月，中共中央辦公廳、國務(wù)院辦公廳印發(fā)《關(guān)于全面推進(jìn)政務(wù)公開工作的意見》，全面推行權(quán)力清單、責(zé)任清單、負(fù)面清單公開工作，推動(dòng)政務(wù)服務(wù)向網(wǎng)上辦理延伸，全國31個(gè)省（自治區(qū)、直轄市）均已公布省市縣三級(jí)政府部門權(quán)力清單。2015年，實(shí)現(xiàn)全國所有省份全部公開省級(jí)財(cái)政總預(yù)算；2017年，公開部門預(yù)算的中央部門增加到105個(gè)。截至2017年4月，全國縣級(jí)以上地方各級(jí)人民政府共設(shè)立政務(wù)大廳3058個(gè)，覆蓋率94.3%；鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）共設(shè)立便民服務(wù)中心38513個(gè)，覆蓋率96.8%。廠務(wù)、村務(wù)公開逐步落實(shí)。截至2017年9月，全國已建立工會(huì)的企事業(yè)單位單獨(dú)建立職工代表大會(huì)制度的有500.9萬家，區(qū)域（行業(yè)）職工代表大會(huì)制度覆蓋企業(yè)138.7萬家，已建立工會(huì)的企事業(yè)單位單獨(dú)建立廠務(wù)公開制度的有487.1萬家。截至2017年，全國95%的村實(shí)現(xiàn)村務(wù)公開，94%以上的縣制訂村務(wù)公開目錄，91%的村建立村務(wù)公開欄。
Full protection of the right to know. Platforms are being improved to make government more open. In 2004, the State Council released the Outline of Comprehensively Advancing Administration in Accordance with the Law, which promotes government transparency and requires administrative organs to disclose government information unless it relates to state secrets, trade secrets under legal protection, and individual privacy. The public is entitled to access disclosed government information, and administrative organs should support this access. In February 2016, the General Offices of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued Decisions on Comprehensively Promoting Government Transparency, which introduced a power list, a responsibility list, and a negative list and encouraged administration to move online. As a result, 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) have released the power lists of governments at provincial, prefectural and county levels. In 2015, all provinces disclosed their overall financial budgets, and in 2017, 105 central government departments disclosed their budgets. By April 2017, 3,058 administration halls had been set up in local governments at and above the county level, covering 94.3 percent of administrations, and 38,513 service centers had been set up in townships and communities, covering 96.8 percent of administrations. Factory and village affairs are being made transparent. By September 2017, more than 5 million enterprises and public institutions with trade unions had set up congresses of workers and staff, and 1.39 million enterprises were covered by regional (trade) congresses of workers and staff. 4.87 million enterprises and public institutions with trade unions had adopted a system of disclosing information to their employees. By 2017, 95 percent of villages nationwide had made village affairs transparent, more than 94 percent of counties were providing catalogues of disclosed village information, and 91 percent of villages were making village affairs public on information boards.

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參與權(quán)持續(xù)增進(jìn)。公眾參與立法和重大行政決策的渠道不斷拓寬。建立健全常態(tài)化的法律草案公開征求意見工作機(jī)制。自2008年以來，國家立法機(jī)關(guān)共有139件法律草案向社會(huì)公開征求意見，收到59萬余人次提出的246萬余條意見。自2013年起，在擬訂國務(wù)院年度立法工作計(jì)劃過程中，通過發(fā)布公告的方式向社會(huì)公開征集立法項(xiàng)目建議，并不斷拓寬征求意見渠道，豐富征求意見形式。依法保障公民在行政決策中的參與權(quán)。健全依法決策機(jī)制，把公眾參與、專家論證、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、合法性審查、集體討論決定確定為重大行政決策法定程序，在重大行政決策過程中注重增強(qiáng)公眾參與實(shí)效、提高專家論證質(zhì)量，提高決策科學(xué)化、民主化、法治化水平。推動(dòng)協(xié)商民主廣泛多層制度化開展，不斷規(guī)范協(xié)商內(nèi)容、協(xié)商程序，拓展協(xié)商民主形式，增加協(xié)商密度，提高協(xié)商成效，以事關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展全局和涉及群眾切身利益的實(shí)際問題為內(nèi)容，開展廣泛協(xié)商。改革開放以來，全國政協(xié)共開展2000多項(xiàng)視察調(diào)研，收到135111件提案，立案124868件，編刊及轉(zhuǎn)送社情民意信息11688件，大多數(shù)提案的建議得到采納和落實(shí)。大量社會(huì)組織活躍于城鄉(xiāng)社區(qū)，提升了人民群眾有序表達(dá)訴求和自我管理、自我服務(wù)的能力和水平，截至2018年9月，全國依法登記的社會(huì)組織79.6萬個(gè)。
Increased right to participate. The channels for public participation in legislation and major administrative decision-making are constantly broadening. A mechanism through which public opinion is consulted in drafting laws has been set up and improved. Since 2008, the state legislatures have solicited public opinion on 139 draft laws, receiving 2.46 million comments from 590,000 people. Since 2013, the government has released announcements inviting responses from the public and expanded channels and multiplied means for soliciting opinions in drawing up plans for the legislation work of the State Council. The citizens' right to participate in administrative decision-making has been protected by law. A mechanism in which decisions are made in accordance with the law has been improved, which recognizes public participation, expert discussion, risk assessment, legality review and collective discussion as legal procedures in major administrative decision-making. In this process, the effectiveness of public participation is emphasized, and the quality of expert discussion improved to make decision-making more scientific, democratic and law-based. Consultative democracy is applied extensively as a mechanism at multiple levels. The consultative content and procedure are regulated, and the means, frequency and effect of consultation extended and increased. Extensive consultation is conducted on matters concerning overall economic and social development and related to the vital interests of the people. Since reform and opening up, the national committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) has conducted over 2,000 investigations and consultations, received 135,111 proposals, recorded 124,868 of them, published and transmitted 11,688 samples of public opinion, and adopted and carried out most of the proposals. By September 2018, there had been 796,000 registered social organizations nationwide. They are active in urban and rural communities and help improve the level and ability of the public to express their demands, and to govern and serve themselves.

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表達(dá)權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)途徑不斷豐富。2017年，全國出版各類報(bào)紙368億份，各類期刊26億冊(cè)，圖書90億冊(cè)（張）。截至2018年9月，全國光纜線路總長度達(dá)4131萬公里，農(nóng)村寬帶用戶達(dá)到11065萬戶，移動(dòng)寬帶用戶達(dá)12.9億戶，移動(dòng)電話普及率達(dá)111.3部/百人。截至2018年6月，全國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上網(wǎng)人數(shù)達(dá)8.02億，其中手機(jī)上網(wǎng)人數(shù)達(dá)7.88億，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率達(dá)57.7%，農(nóng)村地區(qū)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率達(dá)36.5%。建立了便捷高效的網(wǎng)絡(luò)表達(dá)平臺(tái)。著力搭建“信、訪、網(wǎng)、電”多元化、立體式信訪渠道，為民意訴求表達(dá)拓寬通道、提供便利。
Multiple means to guarantee the right of expression. In 2017, a total of 36.8 billion copies of newspapers, 2.6 billion issues of periodicals, and 9 billion copies of books were published. By September 2018, the optical cable nationwide totaled 41.31 million kilometers; there were 110.65 million broadband users in rural areas and 1.29 billion mobile broadband users. Penetration of mobile phones was 111.3 per hundred persons. By June 2018, there were 802 million internet users across the nation, and 788 million of them accessed the internet through mobile phones. Internet usage was 57.7 percent across the country, and 36.5 percent in rural areas. Online platforms have been built to make expression convenient and efficient. Complaints reporting channels have been broadened through letters, visits, internet and telephone to multiply the means for the public to express their demands.

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監(jiān)督權(quán)保障體系持續(xù)完善。2014年，全國人大修改預(yù)算法；2017年，出臺(tái)《關(guān)于建立預(yù)算審查前聽取人大代表和社會(huì)各界意見建議的機(jī)制的意見》，推進(jìn)預(yù)算公開和民主監(jiān)督。2015年，修改立法法，明確規(guī)定向?qū)彶樯暾?qǐng)人反饋及社會(huì)公開制度，加強(qiáng)公民監(jiān)督權(quán)利。全國人大常委會(huì)履行憲法法律監(jiān)督職責(zé)，健全備案審查制度，建立全國統(tǒng)一的備案審查信息平臺(tái)。十二屆全國人大常委會(huì)任期內(nèi)共接受報(bào)送備案的規(guī)范性文件4778件，對(duì)188件行政法規(guī)和司法解釋逐一進(jìn)行主動(dòng)審查，對(duì)地方性法規(guī)有重點(diǎn)地開展專項(xiàng)審查，認(rèn)真研究公民、組織提出的1527件審查建議，對(duì)審查中發(fā)現(xiàn)與法律相抵觸或不適當(dāng)?shù)膯栴}，督促制定機(jī)關(guān)予以糾正。2012年至2016年，全國人大常委會(huì)共開展20次執(zhí)法檢查。2016年至2017年，全國人大常委會(huì)檢查了食品安全法、安全生產(chǎn)法、環(huán)境保護(hù)法、道路交通安全法等12部關(guān)系人民切身利益的法律的實(shí)施情況。人民政協(xié)積極探索和完善民主監(jiān)督機(jī)制，就決策執(zhí)行中的問題提出批評(píng)和建議。十二屆全國政協(xié)視察調(diào)研的監(jiān)督性議題由2015年的12項(xiàng)占11%，增至2017年的20項(xiàng)占28%。實(shí)施《深化人民監(jiān)督員制度改革方案》，進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)社會(huì)監(jiān)督。
Continued efforts to improve the right of supervision. The National People's Congress revised the Budget Law in 2014, and released Decisions on Building a Mechanism of Soliciting Opinions of Deputies to People's Congresses and the Public Before Budget Review in 2017 to make budgets transparent and place them under democratic supervision. In 2015, the Legislation Law was amended, specifying that it is necessary to respond to the requirement for review and disclose information to increase the citizens' right to supervise. The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress should exercise their supervisory duties over the Constitution and the law, and improve the filing and review system by setting up a national unified platform. The Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress received 4,778 normative documents for filing, reviewed 188 administrative regulations and judicial interpretations item by item, conducted special reviews of targeted local regulations, studied 1,527 review suggestions raised by the public and other organizations, and urged relevant departments to correct problems when they were found to be in conflict with current laws. From 2012 to 2016, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress carried out 20 examinations of law enforcement. Between 2016 and 2017, it inspected the enforcement of 12 laws concerning the immediate interests of the public such as Food Safety, Workplace Safety, Environmental Protection, and Road Traffic Safety. The CPPCC has actively explored and improved the democratic supervision system and offered criticism and suggestions regarding problems arising in implementation. In 2017, the 12th CPPCC National Committee investigated and researched 20 supervisory issues, which accounted for 28 percent of its total investigations and researches. In 2015, the corresponding figures were 12 and 11 percent. The Plan for Deeper Reform of the People's Supervisor System has been implemented to extend the public's right of scrutiny.

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宗教信仰自由依法得到保障。中國實(shí)行宗教信仰自由政策，堅(jiān)持從本國國情和宗教實(shí)際出發(fā)，保障公民宗教信仰自由權(quán)利，構(gòu)建積極健康的宗教關(guān)系，維護(hù)宗教和睦與社會(huì)和諧。中國政府依照憲法和法律，支持各宗教堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主自辦原則，各宗教團(tuán)體、宗教教職人員和信教公民自主辦理宗教事業(yè)；對(duì)涉及國家利益和社會(huì)公共利益的宗教事務(wù)進(jìn)行管理，但不干涉宗教內(nèi)部事務(wù)。中共十八大以來，中國全面推進(jìn)依法治國，把宗教工作納入國家治理體系，宗教工作法治化水平不斷提高。國家對(duì)待各宗教一律平等，一視同仁，不以行政力量發(fā)展或禁止某個(gè)宗教，任何宗教都不能超越其他宗教在法律上享有特殊地位。中國有佛教、道教、伊斯蘭教、天主教和基督教等宗教信教公民近2億，宗教教職人員38萬余人，依法登記的宗教活動(dòng)場所14.4萬處，宗教院校共91所。加大宗教教職人員社會(huì)保障力度，截至2017年，宗教教職人員醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)參保率達(dá)96.5%，養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)參保率達(dá)89.6%，符合條件的全部納入低保，基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了社保體系全覆蓋。
Legal guarantee for freedom of religious belief. China follows policies on freedom of religious belief. Based on its national and religious conditions, China protects citizens' right to freedom of religious belief, builds active and healthy religious relationships, and maintains religious and social harmony. The Chinese government, in accordance with the Constitution and the law, supports all religions in upholding the principle of independence and self-management; religious groups, clerical personnel and believers manage their own religious affairs. The state manages religious affairs involving national and public interests, but does not interfere in the internal affairs of religions. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China has comprehensively promoted the rule of law and included religious work in the national governance system to improve its law-based management. The state treats all religions fairly and equally, and does not exercise administrative power to encourage or ban any religion. No religion is given preferential treatment over other religions to enjoy special legal privileges. The major religions practiced in China are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, and Catholic and Protestant Christianity, involving a total of nearly 200 million believers and more than 380,000 clerical personnel. At present, there are about 144,000 places of worship registered for religious activities and 91 religious schools in China. Social security for religious clerical personnel has been enhanced. By the end of 2017, 96.5 percent of clerical personnel had been covered by medical insurance, and 89.6 percent by old-age insurance, and all eligible personnel had been covered by subsistence allowance welfare-almost all clerical personnel had been covered by the social security system in China.