三、宗教文化受到尊重和保護(hù)
III. Respecting and Protecting Religious Culture

新疆歷來(lái)是多種宗教并存地區(qū)，宗教文化豐富多樣，是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的組成部分。中國(guó)政府保障公民宗教信仰自由權(quán)利，尊重和保護(hù)宗教文化。
Since antiquity Xinjiang has seen the coexistence of a variety of religions, whose rich cultures have become part of traditional Chinese culture. China's government is committed to protecting its citizens' freedom of religious belief while respecting and protecting religious cultures.

多種宗教文化交融共存。新疆歷來(lái)是多種宗教傳播的重要地區(qū)，是宗教文化的匯聚之地。新疆最初流行原始宗教、薩滿(mǎn)教。公元前4世紀(jì)起，隨著祆教、佛教等相繼傳入，逐步形成多種宗教并存的格局。后來(lái)，道教、摩尼教、景教、伊斯蘭教等先后傳入，多種宗教并存的格局不斷發(fā)展演變。一教或兩教為主、多教并存是新疆宗教格局的歷史特點(diǎn)。多種宗教文化長(zhǎng)期交融共存，互相借鑒，并在適應(yīng)中國(guó)社會(huì)發(fā)展過(guò)程中調(diào)整變化。目前，新疆有伊斯蘭教、佛教、基督教、天主教、道教等。薩滿(mǎn)教和祆教的元素遺留至今，并且以生活習(xí)俗的形式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。佛教文化影響深遠(yuǎn)，在喀什、哈密、伊犁等地，仍可見(jiàn)到佛龕、蓮花圖案、蓮花寶座等遺存。
Many religious cultures blend and coexist. Xinjiang has long been a region where multiple religions are practiced and their cultures have met and blended. Primitive religion and Shamanism were practiced in Xinjiang before Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and other faiths were introduced into the region from the 4th century BC onward. Gradually there came into being a network of coexisting religions. This network further evolved with the introduction of Taoism, Manichaeism, Nestorianism, and Islam. A coexistence of multiple religions, with one or two predominant, was a basic characteristic of Xinjiang's religious history. During their lengthy coexistence and interaction, the religious cultures in the region learned from one another and adapted to China's social development. At present, the major religions in Xinjiang are Islam, Buddhism, Protestant and Catholic Christianity, and Taoism. Certain Shamanistic and Zoroastrian elements can still be observed in local customs today. The remains of Buddha niches, lotus patterns, and lotus seat sculptures in Kashgar, Hami, and Ili testify to the once widespread influence of Buddhism in the region.

宗教典籍文獻(xiàn)依法出版發(fā)行。國(guó)家以多種語(yǔ)言文字翻譯出版發(fā)行伊斯蘭教、佛教、基督教等宗教典籍文獻(xiàn)，滿(mǎn)足各族信教公民的多樣化需求。新疆已翻譯出版發(fā)行漢、維吾爾、哈薩克、柯?tīng)柨俗蔚榷喾N文字的《古蘭經(jīng)》《布哈里圣訓(xùn)實(shí)錄精華》等宗教經(jīng)典書(shū)籍，編輯發(fā)行漢、維吾爾兩種文字的《臥爾茲演講集》系列。開(kāi)辦漢、維吾爾兩種語(yǔ)言文字的新疆穆斯林網(wǎng)站。整理出版《金光明經(jīng)卷二》《彌勒會(huì)見(jiàn)記》等宗教古籍文獻(xiàn)。在專(zhuān)營(yíng)宗教書(shū)刊的銷(xiāo)售點(diǎn)，可以購(gòu)買(mǎi)《古蘭經(jīng)》《圣經(jīng)》《金光明經(jīng)》等各種宗教典籍。
Religious texts are published and distributed in accordance with the law. The state has translated, published and distributed Islamic, Buddhist, Protestant, and other religious texts to meet the diverse demand of religious believers. The Koran and Irshad al-Sari li Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari have been published in Chinese, Uygur, Kazak and Kirgiz languages. The New Collection of al-Wa'z Speeches series have been compiled and published in both Chinese and Uygur languages. A website (www.xjmuslim.com) available in both Chinese and Uygur languages was set up for Xinjiang's Muslim community. Ancient religious books, including Volume II of the Golden Light Sutra (Suvarnaprabhasa Sutra) and Maitrisimit Nom Bitig, have been published. Important scriptures such as the Koran, Bible, and Golden Light Sutra are available at stores specializing in selling religious publications.

宗教文化遺產(chǎn)得到有效保護(hù)。目前，新疆有喀什艾提尕爾清真寺、昭蘇圣佑廟、克孜爾千佛洞等109處宗教文化古跡被列入全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位和自治區(qū)級(jí)文物保護(hù)單位。其中，全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位46處，自治區(qū)級(jí)文物保護(hù)單位63處。中央政府撥專(zhuān)款對(duì)列入國(guó)家和新疆文物保護(hù)單位的克孜爾千佛洞、柏孜克里克石窟、喀什艾提尕爾清真寺等進(jìn)行修繕。新疆出資維修吐魯番蘇公塔、昭蘇圣佑廟、烏魯木齊紅廟子道觀(guān)等28處宗教建筑（場(chǎng)所）。涉及宗教的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)也得到了保護(hù)和傳承。
Religious heritages are effectively protected. A total of 109 religious sites in Xinjiang, including Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar, Shengyou Lamasery in Zhaosu, and the Kizil Thousand-Buddha Caves have been designated as major cultural heritage sites under the protection of the autonomous region and the state. Among the 109 sites, 46 are key cultural heritage sites under the protection of the state and 63 are under the protection of the autonomous region. The central government has allocated special funds to renovate cultural heritage protection sites at the state and autonomous-region levels, including the Kizil Thousand-Buddha Caves, Bezkilik Grottoes, and Id Kah Mosque. Xinjiang has funded the repair of 28 religious venues, including the Emin Minaret in Turpan, Shengyou Lamasery in Zhaosu, and Red Temple (Taoist) in Urumqi. Elements of intangible cultural heritage relating to religion are also effectively protected and passed on.

堅(jiān)持宗教中國(guó)化方向。同所在社會(huì)相適應(yīng)是宗教生存發(fā)展的規(guī)律。在中華文化兼容并蓄、求同存異、和而不同思想影響下，佛教等外來(lái)宗教都經(jīng)歷了中國(guó)化、本土化過(guò)程。佛教傳入新疆后，主動(dòng)適應(yīng)社會(huì)發(fā)展、融入主流文化，對(duì)新疆歷史和文化產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響。伊斯蘭教傳入新疆后沿著中國(guó)化方向發(fā)展，經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期與當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)信仰和文化融合，逐漸成為中華文化的一部分，并表現(xiàn)出地域特征和民族特色。天主教的獨(dú)立自主、自辦教會(huì)，基督教的自傳、自治、自養(yǎng)等，都為實(shí)現(xiàn)宗教中國(guó)化作出了積極努力。新疆堅(jiān)持宗教中國(guó)化的歷史傳統(tǒng)，積極引導(dǎo)宗教與社會(huì)主義社會(huì)相適應(yīng)，支持宗教界深入挖掘教義教規(guī)中有利于社會(huì)和諧、時(shí)代發(fā)展、健康文明的內(nèi)容，對(duì)教義教規(guī)作出符合當(dāng)代中國(guó)發(fā)展進(jìn)步、符合中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的闡釋?zhuān)龑?dǎo)各種宗教堅(jiān)持中國(guó)化方向。
Religions adapt to China's realities. Adapting to local society is essential for the survival and development of any religion. With influence from such Chinese cultural traditions as being inclusive, seeking common ground while reserving differences, and pursuing harmony without uniformity, Buddhism and other foreign religions have all directed their efforts to localization after entering China. After Buddhism was introduced into Xinjiang, it has exerted a far-reaching influence on Xinjiang's history and culture through proactive adaptation to local social norms and integration into the mainstream culture. Through extended fusion with local faiths and traditions, Islam gradually became part of Chinese culture and developed distinct regional and local ethnic features. The Catholic Church's principles of independence and self-management of its religious affairs, and Protestantism's compliance with the principles of self-propagation, self-governance, and self-support facilitated their adaptation to conditions in China. Xinjiang upholds the tradition of religious localization and provides guidance to religions on adaptation to China's socialist system. Religious circles in Xinjiang are encouraged to promote social harmony and development as well as cultural progress with the aid of religious doctrines and rules, and elaborate on the doctrines and rules that contribute to China's development and conform to China's traditions.

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四、文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和傳承取得成就
IV. Protecting and Carrying Forward Cultural Heritage

新疆文化遺產(chǎn)豐富。中央政府和新疆地方政府不斷加強(qiáng)法制建設(shè)，推進(jìn)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)工作?！吨腥A人民共和國(guó)文物保護(hù)法》和《中華人民共和國(guó)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)法》等法律法規(guī)對(duì)保護(hù)新疆各民族豐富多彩的文化遺產(chǎn)提供了重要法治保障。
Xinjiang is a region rich in cultural heritage. The central government and the local government of Xinjiang have made a continuous effort to strengthen the legal system for the protection of the region's cultural heritage. The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Intangible Cultural Heritage provide important legal protection for the diverse cultural heritage of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

文物保護(hù)成果豐碩。目前，新疆有各級(jí)文物保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)189個(gè)，文物保護(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)基本建成。全面完成全國(guó)不可移動(dòng)文物普查3次，可移動(dòng)文物普查1次，文化遺產(chǎn)家底進(jìn)一步摸清。截至2017年，新疆文物點(diǎn)9542處，其中世界文化遺產(chǎn)6處、全國(guó)重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位113處、自治區(qū)級(jí)文物保護(hù)單位558處。文化文物系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)有博物館93個(gè)（包括自治區(qū)博物館和吐魯番地區(qū)博物館2個(gè)國(guó)家一級(jí)博物館），館藏文物45萬(wàn)件/套。
Protection of cultural heritage yields results. Xinjiang has formed a cultural heritage protection network comprising 189 institutions at all levels. The region has completed three surveys on fixed national cultural relics and one on movable national cultural relics, forming a comprehensive database. By the end of 2017 Xinjiang had 9,542 cultural heritage sites, of which six were World Heritage sites, 113 were key national sites, and 558 were at the autonomous-region level. Xinjiang's cultural heritage system contains 93 public museums, including two national first-grade museums - the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum and the Turpan Museum, with a collection of 450,000 items.

新疆歷史文化名城名鎮(zhèn)名村街區(qū)保護(hù)取得顯著成效。確立國(guó)家級(jí)歷史文化名城5座、歷史文化名鎮(zhèn)3個(gè)、歷史文化名村4個(gè)、歷史文化街區(qū)2個(gè)、中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)村落17個(gè)、中國(guó)少數(shù)民族特色村寨22個(gè)。多年來(lái)，中國(guó)政府對(duì)高昌故城遺址、北庭故城遺址、惠遠(yuǎn)新老古城遺址等一大批文物古跡進(jìn)行修繕保護(hù)，搶救性保護(hù)修復(fù)3000余件珍貴文物。
Xinjiang has made great headway in protecting its historical and cultural cities, towns, villages and localities. The region now has five cities, three towns, four villages, and two localities that have been recognized as state-level historical and cultural divisions, as well as 17 traditional Chinese villages and 22 ethnic-minority villages with cultural significance. Over the years, the Chinese government has supported the repair and conservation of many cultural heritage sites, such as the Gaochang Ancient City Ruins, Beiting Ancient City Ruins, and new and old Huiyuan Ancient City, while rescuing and restoring more than 3,000 rare cultural relics.

考古發(fā)掘成果中外矚目。截至2017年，新疆民豐尼雅遺址、尉犁營(yíng)盤(pán)墓地、若羌小河墓地、庫(kù)車(chē)友誼路晉十六國(guó)磚室墓、巴里坤東黑溝遺址、吉木乃通天洞遺址等8項(xiàng)考古發(fā)掘項(xiàng)目先后被列入當(dāng)年全國(guó)十大考古新發(fā)現(xiàn)，出土了“五星出東方利中國(guó)”錦護(hù)臂、“王侯合昏千秋萬(wàn)歲宜子孫”錦被等國(guó)寶級(jí)文物。
Archaeological findings attract wide attention. By the end of 2017 eight archaeological programs, including the Niya Ruins in Minfeng County, Yingpan Cemetery in Yuli County, Xiaohe Cemetery in Ruoqiang County, 3rd-4th century brick graves in Kucha County, Dongheigou Ruins in Barkol County, and the Tongtiandong Cave in Jeminay County, had been listed among the National Top 10 Archeological Discoveries of the Year. The arm protector with the inscriptions of "Five stars appear in the East, sign of Chinese victory over the Qiang" and the silk quilt with inscriptions of "Marriages between princes and dukes bring prosperity to their posterity" unearthed from the Niya Ruins are national treasures.

古籍保護(hù)力度加大。成立了新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)古籍整理出版規(guī)劃領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組及辦公室、古籍保護(hù)中心、古籍修復(fù)中心，建立少數(shù)民族古籍特藏書(shū)庫(kù)。2011年，新疆古籍保護(hù)中心啟動(dòng)第一次古籍普查工作，對(duì)重點(diǎn)、珍貴古籍的基本內(nèi)容、破損情況和保存狀況登記造冊(cè)。之后又?jǐn)?shù)次開(kāi)展普查。截至2017年，完成古籍整理普查14980種。已收藏的古代典籍文獻(xiàn)包括漢文字（漢文字、西夏文和契丹文等）、阿拉美文字（佉盧文、帕赫列維文、摩尼文和回鶻文等10多種）和婆羅米文字（梵文、焉耆-龜茲文、于闐文、吐蕃文等）三大系統(tǒng)，共19種語(yǔ)言、28種文字，內(nèi)容涵蓋政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、宗教、天文、數(shù)學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)、藝術(shù)等領(lǐng)域。古籍整理數(shù)字化建設(shè)日益加強(qiáng)。
Protection of ancient books has been strengthened. Xinjiang has set up a leading group and office in charge of the classification and publishing of the autonomous region's ancient books, an ancient books preservation center, an ancient books restoration center, and a repository for ancient books and special collections of ethnic minorities. In 2011 the region's Ancient Books Preservation Center started its first survey of ancient books, registering important and rare volumes and recording their content, physical condition, and preservation requirements. This was the first of several such surveys.By the end the 2017 the center had examined 14,980 books. Ancient books in its collection are written in 19 languages and 28 scripts, and fall into three language families: The Chinese language family (Chinese, Tangut, and Khitan scripts), the Aramaic family (more than 10 scripts, including the Kharosthi, Pahlavi, Manichaean, and Huihu scripts), and the Brahmi family (Sanskrit, Tocharian, Khotanese, and Tubo scripts). These books cover a wide range of subjects, including politics, the economy, society, religions, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and the arts. Digitalization of ancient books and related work are further strengthened.

中國(guó)政府支持新疆以漢文和維吾爾文翻譯、整理、出版了瀕于失傳的《福樂(lè)智慧》和《突厥語(yǔ)大詞典》等古籍。組織古籍專(zhuān)家開(kāi)展學(xué)術(shù)研究、提供咨詢(xún)服務(wù)，邀請(qǐng)國(guó)內(nèi)外古籍保護(hù)工作者、研究者和管理者交流研討。2011年，國(guó)家文化部和新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民政府共同主辦“西域遺珍——新疆歷史文獻(xiàn)暨古籍保護(hù)成果展”，其中孤本古籍超過(guò)半數(shù)，受到社會(huì)各界稱(chēng)贊。
The Chinese government has supported the translation, editing and publishing into Chinese and Uygur languages of Kutadgu Bilig (Wisdom of Fortune and Joy) and A Comprehensive Turki Dictionary, two works of the Karahan Kingdom period in the 11th century. The government has also organized experts in ancient books to carry out research and provide expertise in this field, and helped to arrange exchanges between Chinese and foreign professionals, researchers, and administrators engaged in the preservation of ancient books.In 2011 the Ministry of Culture and the local government of Xinjiang co-hosted an exhibition, titled "Recovered Treasures from the Western Regions: Progress in Preserving Xinjiang's Historical Literature and Ancient Books". More than half of the ancient books displayed at the exhibition were the only copies extant. This achievement was acclaimed by the widest range of interested parties.

非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)得到有效保護(hù)。按照“保護(hù)為主、搶救第一、合理利用、傳承發(fā)展”的原則，加強(qiáng)政策立法。2008年，新疆出臺(tái)《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)條例》；2010年，《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)維吾爾木卡姆藝術(shù)保護(hù)條例》頒布實(shí)施。新疆出臺(tái)一系列非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)制度，為科學(xué)、系統(tǒng)地?fù)尵缺Ｗo(hù)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)提供了制度保障。
Intangible cultural heritage is effectively protected. Under the guiding principle of giving priority to both preservation and restoration, and pursuing sound utilization and development, the policy and legislation for protecting intangible cultural heritage have been strengthened. In 2008 the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage were enacted. In 2010 the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Protection of Uygur Muqam Arts were promulgated and put into force. In addition, Xinjiang has introduced a number of rules for protecting its intangible cultural heritage, which provide institutional guarantees for rescuing and preserving this heritage in a coordinated and systematic manner.

中國(guó)政府1951年、1954年兩次搶救性錄制維吾爾十二木卡姆。上世紀(jì)60年代開(kāi)始，投入大量資金和人力，整理出版了包括柯?tīng)柨俗巫迨吩?shī)《瑪納斯》、蒙古族史詩(shī)《江格爾》等多種民間口頭文學(xué)作品。編纂出版《中國(guó)民族民間舞蹈集成·新疆卷》《中國(guó)民間歌曲集成·新疆卷》《中國(guó)民間故事集成·新疆卷》等涵蓋各民族音樂(lè)、舞蹈、戲曲等門(mén)類(lèi)的十大藝術(shù)集成志書(shū)?！爸腥A文脈——新疆非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)記錄工程”持續(xù)實(shí)施。截至2017年，新疆完成23位國(guó)家級(jí)代表性傳承人搶救性記錄工作，運(yùn)用文字、圖片、音像等多種記錄手段，對(duì)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施了搶救性保護(hù)；創(chuàng)建了維吾爾族樂(lè)器、地毯和艾德萊斯綢織造3個(gè)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目國(guó)家級(jí)生產(chǎn)性保護(hù)示范基地；命名91個(gè)自治區(qū)級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)傳承基地。
In 1951 and 1954 the central government made recordings of the music of the Twelve Muqams to rescue the Muqam arts. Since the 1960s, firm funding and manpower support from the government has enabled the publication of works of folk literature, including the Kirgiz epic Manas and Mongolian epic Jangar. The Collection of Chinese Ethnic and Folk Dances (Xinjiang Volume), Collection of Chinese Folk Songs (Xinjiang Volume), and Collection of Chinese Folk Tales (Xinjiang Volume) have been compiled and published to introduce the folk music, dances, drama and other arts of the region.The program for protecting and preserving Xinjiang's intangible cultural heritage as part of the initiative to promote Chinese cultural traditions is well under way. By the end of 2017, to rescue and preserve its intangible cultural heritage, Xinjiang had completed the recording of intangible cultural items presented by 23 state-level representative trustees in the form of written texts, images, audios and videos. Furthermore, the region had established three state-level demonstration bases that produce Uygur musical instruments, carpets and Etles silk for the preservation of these intangible cultural items. In addition, the region had set up 91 autonomous-region level bases for preserving and handing down its intangible cultural heritage.

新疆維吾爾木卡姆藝術(shù)、柯?tīng)柨俗问吩?shī)《瑪納斯》、維吾爾族麥西熱甫分別列入聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織“人類(lèi)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄”和“急需保護(hù)的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄”。入選國(guó)家級(jí)、自治區(qū)級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表性名錄的項(xiàng)目分別有83項(xiàng)、294項(xiàng)，國(guó)家級(jí)、自治區(qū)級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表性傳承人分別有112位、403位。
Uygur Muqam of Xinjiang and the Kirgiz epic Manas were registered on the "UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity", and Uygur Meshrep on the "List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding". Xinjiang has 83 items on the national representative list of intangible cultural heritage and 294 items on the autonomous-region list, as well as 112 state-level representative trustees and 403 autonomous-region representative trustees of its intangible cultural heritage.

民俗文化得到尊重與傳承。新疆堅(jiān)持尊重差異、包容多樣、相互欣賞，充分尊重和保護(hù)各種民俗文化，實(shí)現(xiàn)多元文化和諧共處，各民族優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化得到有效保護(hù)和傳承。在春節(jié)、清明節(jié)、端午節(jié)、中秋節(jié)以及肉孜節(jié)、古爾邦節(jié)等傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，各族人民都能享受法定假期。每逢節(jié)日，新疆各地民眾用音樂(lè)、歌舞、傳統(tǒng)體育競(jìng)技等文化活動(dòng)來(lái)慶祝。漢族的“元宵燈會(huì)”、維吾爾族的“麥西熱甫”、哈薩克族的“阿依特斯”、柯?tīng)柨俗巫宓摹皫?kù)姆孜彈唱會(huì)”、蒙古族的“那達(dá)慕大會(huì)”、回族的“花兒會(huì)”等民俗活動(dòng)廣泛開(kāi)展，受到各族民眾的歡迎。新疆提倡各民族相互尊重風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，倡導(dǎo)各民族在衣食住行、婚喪嫁娶、禮儀風(fēng)俗等方面崇尚科學(xué)、文明、健康的風(fēng)尚。
Folk cultures are respected and preserved. Xinjiang embraces cultural diversity and inclusiveness, and upholds mutual learning among cultures. The region fully respects and protects folk cultures, thus realizing the harmonious coexistence of different cultures and enabling the effective protection and preservation of the best traditions of all ethnic groups. All people in Xinjiang have the right to observe their own statutory festivals such as the Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Ramadan, and Corban. They celebrate the festivals in many forms, such as playing music, dancing, and holding traditional sports events. Among popular folk festivals are the Han people's Lantern Festival, the Uygur's Meshrep, the Kazakh's Aytes, the Kirgiz's Kobuz Ballad Singing Fair, the Mongolian Nadam Fair, and the Hui people's Hua'er Folk Song Festival. The local government promotes mutual respect for folkways among all ethnic groups while encouraging appropriate and healthy lifestyles, wedding and funeral practices, and customs and rituals.