換一種語(yǔ)言讀金庸(九)
中國(guó)網(wǎng) 2018-09-11 08:55
詩(shī)人弗羅斯特曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò),詩(shī)意就是在翻譯過(guò)程中丟失的東西。這句話說(shuō)得夠犀利,直接否定了詩(shī)的可譯性。中國(guó)人也講“詩(shī)無(wú)達(dá)詁”,對(duì)于同一首詩(shī),不同的人會(huì)有不同的理解。其實(shí),達(dá)不達(dá)詁,能不能譯,那是學(xué)院派人物討論的問(wèn)題,但對(duì)于身在江湖的譯者來(lái)說(shuō),沒(méi)有別的選擇,只有roll up sleeves and get to work,擼起袖子加油干。
詩(shī),是一個(gè)民族文化的精華,也是生活中的鹽,沒(méi)了它,就沒(méi)了味道。武俠小說(shuō)雖然不是才子書(shū),卻少不了才子。金庸《鹿鼎記》人物中,能夠稱(chēng)得上明末清初一流詩(shī)人、學(xué)者的就有好幾個(gè),如黃宗羲、顧炎武、吳梅村、呂留良,此外,還有專(zhuān)業(yè)歌手陳圓圓。這樣一批文化人擠在一部小說(shuō)里,詩(shī)詞唱和自然不會(huì)少。對(duì)于讀者,這些詩(shī)詞歌賦是一種獨(dú)特的享受,對(duì)于譯者來(lái)說(shuō),則是一個(gè)十分痛苦的考驗(yàn)。在譯者序言中,閔福德 (John Minford) 教授寫(xiě)了這樣一段話:
The translation has been several years in the making ...... It has certainly been a challenge to find ways of putting this most Chinese of storytellers into English. In Chinese, his pages read with such deceptive ease.
《鹿鼎記》的翻譯經(jīng)年始成。將最具中國(guó)特點(diǎn)的小說(shuō)家的作品譯成英文,當(dāng)然是巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。金庸的文字,用中文讀起來(lái)輕松流暢,但那是有欺騙性的。盡管閔福德說(shuō)得輕描淡寫(xiě),我們還是能夠體會(huì)到翻譯過(guò)程的艱苦,尤其是最后那一句“In Chinese his pages read with deceptive ease”。我想,詩(shī)詞一定是這種“帶有欺騙性的輕松”的一部分。
《鹿鼎記》第一回,呂留良感懷大好河山淪于夷狄,將滿(mǎn)腔的憤懣?jī)A注在這首詩(shī)中,題寫(xiě)在一幅“如此江山”的畫(huà)作上:
其為宋之南渡耶?如此江山真可恥。
其為崖山之后耶?如此江山不忍視。
吾今始悟作畫(huà)意,痛哭流涕有若是。
以今視昔昔尤今,吞聲不用枚銜嘴。
畫(huà)將皋羽西臺(tái)淚,研入丹青提筆呲。
所以有畫(huà)無(wú)詩(shī)文,詩(shī)文盡在四字里。
嘗謂生逢洪武初,如瞽忽瞳跛可履。
山川開(kāi)霽故壁完,何處登臨不狂喜。
如果僅從藝術(shù)角度看,這首詩(shī)還稱(chēng)不上詩(shī)中上品,小說(shuō)中呂留良題詩(shī)后自己也說(shuō),“這詩(shī)殊無(wú)含蓄,算不得好,也只是將二瞻先生的原意寫(xiě)了出來(lái),好教觀畫(huà)之人得知?!?但此詩(shī)感時(shí)傷懷,以酣暢淋漓的筆調(diào),將滿(mǎn)腔的憤怒郁結(jié)之氣,訴諸筆端,傾瀉而出,讀起來(lái)的確令人心潮澎湃。
閔福德英譯:
Is this the scene of Great Song's south retreat,
This lovely land that hides its face in shame?
Or is it after Mount Yai's fatal leap?
This lovely land then scarce dared breathe its name.
Now that I seem to read the painter's mind,
My teardrops match his drizzling rain.
Past woes I see reborn in present time:
This draws the groans that no gag can restrain.
Methinks the painter used poor Gaoyu's tears
To mix his colors and his brush to wet.
'This Lovely Land' was commentary enough;
No need was there for other words to fret.
The blind would see, the lame would walk again,
Could we but bring back Hong Wu's glorious days.
With what wild joy we'd look down from each height
And see the landscape free of mist and haze!
閔福德不愧是跨語(yǔ)言跨文化的翻譯高手,能將這么復(fù)雜的一首長(zhǎng)詩(shī)幾乎是逐字逐句地譯出,而且合轍押韻,格律分明。譯詩(shī)采用了抑揚(yáng)格的韻律和隔行押韻的方式,讀起來(lái)節(jié)奏清晰,頓挫有致。漢字是方塊字,又是單音節(jié),所以才能有平仄規(guī)范、對(duì)仗工整、押韻講究的格律詩(shī)。英語(yǔ)多音節(jié)詞占絕大多數(shù),又有不可省略的冠詞、介詞,因此無(wú)法做到像漢語(yǔ)五言、七言格律詩(shī)那樣排列整齊,但這并不意味著英詩(shī)不講格律,更不意味著英詩(shī)沒(méi)有漢詩(shī)優(yōu)美。我堅(jiān)定地認(rèn)為,自己不能更多地體會(huì)英詩(shī)之美,是因?yàn)閷W(xué)問(wèn)知識(shí)不夠,不能怪英國(guó)人。
譯詩(shī)的格律只是形式,更重要的是內(nèi)容以及情緒的表達(dá)和傳遞。這首詩(shī)以宋喻明,表達(dá)故國(guó)之思和神州陸沉的感嘆痛惜,明著是說(shuō)宋,實(shí)際是哀嘆明朝的覆亡。起筆沉郁低徊,繼而悲傷感懷,但到結(jié)尾處,夢(mèng)回洪武之初, 胸襟頓時(shí)開(kāi)闊,至“何處登臨不狂喜”,已是豪氣勃發(fā)。閔福德準(zhǔn)確地把握了原詩(shī)的基調(diào),由緩慢到急促,由悲傷到豪邁,特別是左后四句:The blind would see, the lame would walk again, 同樣的句式,加快了節(jié)奏,一直到With what wild joy we'd look down form each height, and see the landscape free of mist and haze! 山川開(kāi)霽,愁云盡掃,如何不喜?即便是英譯,在誦讀之時(shí),也讓我聯(lián)想起杜甫“卻看妻子愁何在,漫卷詩(shī)書(shū)喜欲狂”的詩(shī)句。最后一句,and see the landscape free of mist and haze, 用landscape呼應(yīng)了原詩(shī)的題目——如此江山。
對(duì)閔福德和英語(yǔ)讀者來(lái)說(shuō),還有一個(gè)難點(diǎn),那就是在這首詩(shī)中,有好幾個(gè)典故,如“南渡”、“崖山”、“皋羽”、“西臺(tái)”、“洪武”。這些典故,對(duì)中國(guó)讀者也是有相當(dāng)難度的。我試著在百度上搜索“皋羽西臺(tái)”,結(jié)果搜出來(lái)的大都是羽西牌化妝品的廣告! “皋羽”和“西臺(tái)”,或直譯或省略,尚不至于影響讀者對(duì)原詩(shī)的理解,但“南渡”和“崖山”,如果要給外國(guó)讀者講明白,沒(méi)有個(gè)幾百字是辦不到的。閔福德將“宋之南渡”譯為Great Song's south retreat(大宋南退), 將“崖山”擴(kuò)展為Mount Yai's fatal leap(崖山投海), 在內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)換的同時(shí)最大限度地保持了譯詩(shī)形式上的完整。
可是,閔福德還是感覺(jué)不踏實(shí),因?yàn)閱?wèn)題沒(méi)有解決,外國(guó)人還是會(huì)懵圈。所以,他又在頁(yè)底用小字加了一段注解:
*Notes to Reader:
Lu's impromptu poem is full of politically dangerous allusions to the shame of occupation by the Tartars (both Mongolia and Manchu). The first lines refer to the thirteenth century and the dying days of the Southern Song Dynasty, when the last Emperor, carrying his infant son, was hounded southwards by the Mongols, and finally flung himself and his son into the sea from the cliffs of Mount Yai. Hong Wu (towards the end of the poem) was the reign title of a period during the heyday of Ming dynasty (when China was still ruled by Chinese), to which these loyalist scholars looked back with such nostalgia.
閔福德告訴讀者,這首詩(shī)表達(dá)的是中國(guó)士大夫?qū)?guó)家被北方游牧民族占領(lǐng)的羞憤心情,而且這種表達(dá)方式在政治上是很危險(xiǎn)的。他給讀者解釋了蒙古軍隊(duì)南進(jìn),宋朝君臣南渡,直到崖山海戰(zhàn),南宋皇帝投海(fatal leap),宋室傾覆的歷史背景,以及明太祖朱元璋的年號(hào)“洪武”對(duì)清初的漢族知識(shí)分子意味著什么。
用了這么多筆墨,費(fèi)了這么多心思,才將這首詩(shī)完整準(zhǔn)確地呈現(xiàn)給讀者,真可謂苦心孤詣!
今天的閔福德,已年過(guò)古稀。回首翻譯人生,他說(shuō)了這樣一句話,讓我大受感動(dòng):
"Don't mock the translator's tears, because the translator is suffering. Don't laugh at him, because he is taking a big risk. As for me, it takes years and years to start to understand from that level, for me, it is a real journey, a very hard and meaningful journey.”
“不要嘲笑譯者的眼淚,因?yàn)樗诮?jīng)歷煎熬。譯路漫漫,沒(méi)有盡頭,我用了一生才能從這一高度來(lái)理解翻譯的意義。對(duì)我而言,翻譯就是一場(chǎng)修行,唯有歷經(jīng)艱辛才能取得真經(jīng)。”
作者:王曉輝
來(lái)源:中國(guó)網(wǎng)
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