三、核應(yīng)急“一案三制”建設(shè)
III. All-round Promotion of Nuclear Emergency Preparedness

中國(guó)高度重視核應(yīng)急的預(yù)案和法制、體制、機(jī)制（簡(jiǎn)稱“一案三制”）建設(shè)，通過法律制度保障、體制機(jī)制保障，建立健全國(guó)家核應(yīng)急組織管理體系。
China lays great store by the planning, and legislative/institutional/regulatory systems (known in Chinese as “One Planning plus Three Systems”) associated with nuclear emergency preparedness, and ensures the establishment and full functioning of a national nuclear emergency management system through the safeguards of legislation, institution and regulations.

加強(qiáng)全國(guó)核應(yīng)急預(yù)案體系建設(shè)?！秶?guó)家核應(yīng)急預(yù)案》是中央政府應(yīng)對(duì)處置核事故預(yù)先制定的工作方案?！秶?guó)家核應(yīng)急預(yù)案》對(duì)核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)的組織體系、核應(yīng)急指揮與協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制、核事故應(yīng)急響應(yīng)分級(jí)、核事故后恢復(fù)行動(dòng)、應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與保障措施等作了全面規(guī)定。按照《國(guó)家核應(yīng)急預(yù)案》要求，各級(jí)政府部門和核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位制定核應(yīng)急預(yù)案，形成相互配套銜接的全國(guó)核應(yīng)急預(yù)案體系。
Strengthening national nuclear emergency planning system building. The National Nuclear Emergency Plan is an action program pre-set by the central government to cope with nuclear accident scenarios. The National Nuclear Emergency Plan lays down a whole set of regulations on the organizational system, command and coordination mechanism, emergency response classification, post-accident restoration actions, and emergency preparation and safeguard measures related to nuclear emergency preparation and response actions. In line with the requirements of the National Nuclear Emergency Plan, governments at all levels and nuclear installation operators must draw up nuclear emergency plans fully in keeping with the National Nuclear Emergency Plan, so as to form a nationwide system of nuclear emergency planning.

加強(qiáng)核應(yīng)急法制建設(shè)。中國(guó)基本形成國(guó)家法律、行政法規(guī)、部門規(guī)章、國(guó)家和行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、管理導(dǎo)則于一體的核應(yīng)急法律法規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。早在1993年8月就頒布實(shí)施《核電廠核事故應(yīng)急管理?xiàng)l例》。進(jìn)入本世紀(jì)以來(lái)，又先后頒布實(shí)施《中華人民共和國(guó)放射性污染防治法》《中華人民共和國(guó)突發(fā)事件應(yīng)對(duì)法》，從法律層面對(duì)核應(yīng)急作出規(guī)定和要求。2015年7月，新修訂的《中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家安全法》開始實(shí)施，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)加強(qiáng)核事故應(yīng)急體系和應(yīng)急能力建設(shè)，防止、控制和消除核事故對(duì)公眾生命健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境的危害。與這些法律法規(guī)相配套，政府相關(guān)部門制定相應(yīng)的部門規(guī)章和管理導(dǎo)則，相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)和涉核行業(yè)制定技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。軍隊(duì)制定參加核電廠核事故應(yīng)急救援條例等相關(guān)法規(guī)和規(guī)章制度。目前，正積極推進(jìn)原子能法、核安全法立法進(jìn)程。
Strengthening nuclear emergency legislative system building. China has put in place its own nuclear emergency legal framework, comprising state laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules, national and industrial standards, and management guidelines. As early as August 1993 China put into effect the Regulations on Emergency Management of Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants. Since the beginning of this century China has, in succession, enacted the Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution and Emergency Response Law of the People's Republic of China, providing regulations and requirements from the legal perspective on nuclear emergency preparedness. In July 2015 the newly revised State Security Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated, further reinforcing the nuclear accident emergency system and emergency response capacity building to prevent, control and eliminate damage to the life and health of the general public and ecological environment. In keeping with the foregoing laws and regulations, relevant departments of the government have worked out and put into effect their respective regulations and management guidelines, and relevant institutions and nuclear-related industries have drawn up applicable technical standards. The military also has drawn up relevant regulations, and established systems governing emergency rescue actions associated with nuclear emergency preparedness. Currently efforts are being made to push forward the legislative process associated with the Atomic Energy Law and Nuclear Safety Law.

加強(qiáng)核應(yīng)急管理體制建設(shè)。中國(guó)核應(yīng)急實(shí)行國(guó)家統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、綜合協(xié)調(diào)、分級(jí)負(fù)責(zé)、屬地管理為主的管理體制。全國(guó)核應(yīng)急管理工作由中央政府指定部門牽頭負(fù)責(zé)。核設(shè)施所在地的?。▍^(qū)、市）人民政府指定部門負(fù)責(zé)本行政區(qū)域內(nèi)的核應(yīng)急管理工作。核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位及其上級(jí)主管部門（單位）負(fù)責(zé)場(chǎng)內(nèi)核應(yīng)急管理工作。必要時(shí)，由中央政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、組織、協(xié)調(diào)全國(guó)的核事故應(yīng)急管理工作。
Strengthening nuclear emergency management system building. China implements a nuclear emergency management system featuring unified leadership at the national level, overall coordination, assignment of responsibilities to different levels and emphasis on localized administration. The nuclear emergency management is led and placed under the responsibility of the department designated by the central government. The governments of the province (autonomous region or centrally administered municipality) wherein nuclear installations are located are responsible for nuclear emergency management within their respective jurisdictions. The operator of the relevant nuclear installation and its senior competent authority (unit) shall be responsible for on-site emergency management. Wherever necessary, the central government will lead, organize and coordinate nuclear emergency management at the national level.

加強(qiáng)核應(yīng)急機(jī)制建設(shè)。中國(guó)實(shí)行由一個(gè)部門牽頭、多個(gè)部門參與的核應(yīng)急組織協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制。在國(guó)家層面，設(shè)立國(guó)家核事故應(yīng)急協(xié)調(diào)委員會(huì)，由政府和軍隊(duì)相關(guān)部門組成，主要職責(zé)是：貫徹國(guó)家核應(yīng)急工作方針，擬定國(guó)家核應(yīng)急工作政策，統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)全國(guó)核事故應(yīng)急，決策、組織、指揮應(yīng)急支援響應(yīng)行動(dòng)。同時(shí)設(shè)立國(guó)家核事故應(yīng)急辦公室，承擔(dān)國(guó)家核事故應(yīng)急協(xié)調(diào)委員會(huì)日常工作。在?。▍^(qū)、市）層面，設(shè)立核應(yīng)急協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)。核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位設(shè)立核應(yīng)急組織。國(guó)家和各相關(guān)省（區(qū)、市）以及核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位建立專家委員會(huì)或支撐機(jī)構(gòu)，為核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)提供決策咨詢和建議。
Strengthening nuclear emergency mechanism building. China implements a nuclear emergency organization and coordination mechanism featuring leadership by one department and participation by multiple departments. At the national level, a National Nuclear Accident Emergency Coordination Committee has been set up comprising relevant governmental and military departments with the following main responsibilities: implementing state nuclear emergency work guidelines, drawing up national policies for nuclear emergency management, uniformly coordinating emergency activities at the national level, and deciding, organizing and commanding emergency assistance response actions. A National Nuclear Emergency Office has also been set up to undertake the routine work of the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Coordination Committee. At the provincial (regional and municipal) levels, nuclear emergency coordination bodies have been established, and operators of nuclear installations have set up their respective nuclear emergency bodies. At the national and provincial (regional and municipal) levels and within the operators of the nuclear installations, committees of experts or the support organizations thereof have been established to provide advice and suggestions on nuclear emergency preparedness and response.

四、核應(yīng)急能力建設(shè)與保持
IV. Building and Maintenance of Nuclear Emergency Capabilities

中國(guó)堅(jiān)持積極兼容、資源整合、專業(yè)配套、軍民融合的思路，建設(shè)并保持與核能事業(yè)安全高效發(fā)展相適應(yīng)的國(guó)家核應(yīng)急能力，形成有效應(yīng)對(duì)核事故的國(guó)家核應(yīng)急能力體系。
Sticking to the guidelines of versatile compatibility, resource integration, interdisciplinary support, and integration of military and civilian capabilities, China builds and maintains national nuclear emergency capabilities commensurate with the safe and efficient development of nuclear energy, and forms a fully-fledged national system of nuclear emergency response capabilities.

國(guó)家建立全國(guó)統(tǒng)一的核應(yīng)急能力體系，部署軍隊(duì)和地方兩個(gè)工作系統(tǒng)，區(qū)分國(guó)家級(jí)、省級(jí)、核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位級(jí)三個(gè)能力層次，推進(jìn)核應(yīng)急領(lǐng)域的各種力量建設(shè)。
At the national level, a unified nuclear emergency response capabilities system is in place to coordinate military and local systems whereby three distinct tiers of capabilities are maintained, viz. national, provincial and nuclear installation operator levels, with a view to pushing forward with the building of various capabilities related to nuclear emergency response.

建設(shè)國(guó)家核應(yīng)急專業(yè)技術(shù)支持中心。建設(shè)輻射監(jiān)測(cè)、輻射防護(hù)、航空監(jiān)測(cè)、醫(yī)學(xué)救援、海洋輻射監(jiān)測(cè)、氣象監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)、輔助決策、響應(yīng)行動(dòng)等8類國(guó)家級(jí)核應(yīng)急專業(yè)技術(shù)支持中心以及3個(gè)國(guó)家級(jí)核應(yīng)急培訓(xùn)基地，基本形成專業(yè)齊全、功能完備、支撐有效的核應(yīng)急技術(shù)支持和培訓(xùn)體系。
Building national nuclear emergency response professional technical support centers. China has built eight types of national-level nuclear emergency technical support centers, i.e., radiation monitoring, radiation prevention, aviation monitoring, medical rescue, marine radiation monitoring, meteorological monitoring and forecasting, decision-making aid, and response action, along with three national-level nuclear emergency response training bases, thereby essentially forming an integrated emergency technical support and training system featuring a full array of disciplines and functions, and effective support.

建設(shè)國(guó)家級(jí)核應(yīng)急救援力量。經(jīng)過多年努力，中國(guó)形成了規(guī)模適度、功能銜接、布局合理的核應(yīng)急救援專業(yè)力量體系。適應(yīng)核電站建設(shè)布局需要，按照區(qū)域部署、模塊設(shè)置、專業(yè)配套原則，組建30余支國(guó)家級(jí)專業(yè)救援分隊(duì)，承擔(dān)核事故應(yīng)急處置各類專業(yè)救援任務(wù)。軍隊(duì)是國(guó)家級(jí)核應(yīng)急救援力量的重要組成部分，擔(dān)負(fù)支援地方核事故應(yīng)急的職責(zé)使命，近年來(lái)核應(yīng)急力量建設(shè)成效顯著。為應(yīng)對(duì)可能發(fā)生的嚴(yán)重核事故，依托現(xiàn)有能力基礎(chǔ)，中國(guó)將組建一支300余人的國(guó)家核應(yīng)急救援隊(duì)，主要承擔(dān)復(fù)雜條件下重特大核事故突擊搶險(xiǎn)和緊急處置任務(wù)，并參與國(guó)際核應(yīng)急救援行動(dòng)。
Building national-level nuclear emergency rescue forces. Through efforts over many years, China has already built a specialized nuclear emergency rescue capability system that is of a proper scale, well-coordinated and of a rational layout. To cater to the needs of layout for the construction of nuclear power stations, on the principle of regional deployment, modular set-up and disciplinary integration, over 30 national-level professional rescue teams have been formed to specifically take charge of various kinds of specialized rescue missions. The military constitutes an important part of the national-level nuclear emergency rescue force, and fulfills the mission of aiding local nuclear accident emergency response actions, and, as such, has scored brilliant achievements in building up its nuclear emergency response capabilities. To cope with possible severe nuclear accidents and on the basis of the available capabilities, China is to form a national nuclear emergency rescue team composed of over 300 people to be mainly responsible for undertaking unexpected rescue missions in serious nuclear accident scenarios and emergency treatment tasks, and stand ready to take part in international nuclear emergency rescue operations.

建設(shè)省級(jí)核應(yīng)急力量。中國(guó)設(shè)立核電站的?。▍^(qū)、市）均建立了相應(yīng)的核應(yīng)急力量，包括核應(yīng)急指揮中心、應(yīng)急輻射監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)、醫(yī)學(xué)救治網(wǎng)、氣象監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)、洗消點(diǎn)、撤離道路、撤離人員安置點(diǎn)等，以及專業(yè)技術(shù)支持能力和救援分隊(duì)，基本滿足本區(qū)域核應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備與響應(yīng)需要。省（區(qū)、市）核應(yīng)急指揮中心與本級(jí)行政區(qū)域內(nèi)核設(shè)施實(shí)現(xiàn)互聯(lián)互通。
Building provincial-level nuclear emergency rescue forces. Nuclear emergency response forces have been established at the provincial (regional and municipal) levels in areas where nuclear power stations are sited, including nuclear emergency command centers, emergency radiation monitoring networks, medical treatment networks, meteorological monitoring networks, decontamination points, evacuation roads and shelters for evacuees, along with specialized technical support and rescue task forces, thereby basically meeting the nuclear emergency preparedness and response needs of the involved regions. Each provincial (regional and municipal) nuclear emergency command center is connected with the nuclear installation(s) within its jurisdiction.

建設(shè)核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位核應(yīng)急力量。按照國(guó)家要求，參照國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，中國(guó)各核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位均建立相關(guān)的核應(yīng)急設(shè)施及力量，包括應(yīng)急指揮中心、應(yīng)急通訊設(shè)施、應(yīng)急監(jiān)測(cè)和后果評(píng)價(jià)設(shè)施；配備應(yīng)對(duì)處置緊急情況的應(yīng)急電源等急需裝備、設(shè)備和儀器；組建輻射監(jiān)測(cè)、事故控制、去污洗消等場(chǎng)內(nèi)核應(yīng)急救援隊(duì)伍。核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位所屬涉核集團(tuán)之間建立核應(yīng)急相互支援合作機(jī)制，形成核應(yīng)急資源儲(chǔ)備和調(diào)配等支援能力，實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)、相互協(xié)調(diào)。
Building a nuclear emergency response force on the part of the operators of nuclear installations. In accordance with national requirements and following international standards, operators of nuclear installations in China have set up their own nuclear emergency response facilities and forces, including emergency command centers, emergency communication facilities, and emergency monitoring and consequence evaluation facilities. In addition, emergency facilities, equipment and instrumentation, such as emergency power supply, are in place. On-site rescue teams specializing in radiation monitoring, accident control, decontamination and cleansing have been established. Corporations controlling operators of the respective nuclear installations have set up a mutual support collaborative mechanism to form nuclear emergency response resource reserve and deployment assistance capabilities, thereby ensuring mutually complementary support and coordination.

按照積極兼容原則，圍繞各自職責(zé)，中國(guó)各級(jí)政府有關(guān)部門依據(jù)《國(guó)家核應(yīng)急預(yù)案》明確的任務(wù)，分別建立并加強(qiáng)可服務(wù)保障核應(yīng)急的能力體系。
In accordance with the principle of versatile compatibility and based on their respective duties and responsibilities, government departments at different levels in China have established and reinforced their respective capability systems to serve and safeguard nuclear emergency response activities commensurate with the tasks established under the National Nuclear Emergency Plan.

按照國(guó)家、相關(guān)?。▍^(qū)、市）和各核設(shè)施營(yíng)運(yùn)單位制定的核應(yīng)急預(yù)案，在國(guó)家核應(yīng)急體制機(jī)制框架下，各級(jí)各類核應(yīng)急力量統(tǒng)一調(diào)配、聯(lián)動(dòng)使用，共同承擔(dān)核事故應(yīng)急處置任務(wù)。
In accordance with the nuclear emergency response plans worked out by the national and provincial (regional and municipal) authorities and the operators of nuclear installations and within the institutional framework of the national nuclear emergency response system, various levels and categories of nuclear emergency response forces ensure unified deployment and interactive mobilization to jointly undertake tasks associated with nuclear accident emergency situations.