四、婦女與健康
IV. Women and Health

中國建立覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務體系，增強疾病防治能力，擴大醫(yī)療保障覆蓋人口，不斷完善和健全婦幼健康法律政策和服務體系，大力實施婦幼衛(wèi)生保健項目，提高婦幼衛(wèi)生服務的公平性和可及性，婦女健康狀況得到顯著改善。
China has set up a medical and health service system covering urban and rural areas, and has been working hard to enhance disease prevention and control capabilities, expand the overall coverage of medical insurance, improve laws and policies on maternal and child health as well as the service system in this regard, implement maternal and child healthcare programs, and endeavor to make maternal and child health services more equitable and accessible. As a result, women's health has significantly improved.

建立較為完善的婦幼健康法律政策體系。制定、修訂并實施《中華人民共和國母嬰保健法》《中華人民共和國人口與計劃生育法》等法律法規(guī)，出臺一系列配套規(guī)章和規(guī)范性文件，使婦幼健康逐步實現(xiàn)了有法可依、依法管理、規(guī)范服務。把婦女健康指標納入國家國民經濟社會發(fā)展總體規(guī)劃和專項規(guī)劃，把婦幼保健作為國家基本公共服務的重點內容，把乳腺癌、宮頸癌醫(yī)治納入重大疾病醫(yī)療保障和醫(yī)療救助體系，提高婦女醫(yī)療保障水平。
A relatively sound system of laws and policies on maternal and child health has been established. The state has enacted, revised and implemented the Law of the People's Republic of China on Maternal and Infant Health Care, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Population and Family Planning in addition to a number of other laws and regulations, and introduced a series of supporting regulations and normative documents, to provide a legal framework for maternal and child health work. The state has included women's health indicators in the overall plans and special plans of the national economy and social development, made maternal and child healthcare a key element of the provision of national basic public services, and incorporated medical treatment of breast and cervical cancers into the medical security and assistance system for major diseases, thus improving women's healthcare.

構建具有中國特色的婦幼健康服務網絡。中國已基本形成以婦幼保健機構為核心，以基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機構為基礎，以大中型醫(yī)療機構和相關科研教學機構為技術支撐，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的婦幼保健服務網絡。截至2014年底，全國共有婦幼保健機構3131個。完善基層婦幼衛(wèi)生服務體系，為婦女提供全生命周期的保健服務。建立健全婦幼衛(wèi)生年報系統(tǒng)和婦幼衛(wèi)生監(jiān)測網絡。優(yōu)化衛(wèi)生資源配置，增加農村和邊遠地區(qū)婦幼衛(wèi)生經費投入。加快婦幼衛(wèi)生人才培養(yǎng)，加強婦幼保健機構人員配備。
A network of maternal and child health services has been put in place. A network of maternal and child health services covering both urban and rural areas has taken shape in China, with maternity and child care institutions as the core, community-level health care institutions as the foundation, and large or medium-sized medical institutions and relevant research and teaching institutions as the support. By the end of 2014, there had been 3,131 maternity and child care institutions throughout the country. The state has worked hard to improve community-level maternal and child health services and managed to provide full life-cycle health services for women. The state has also established and improved a system of annual reporting on maternal and child health, and a monitoring network. It has optimized the allocation of health resources, and increased funding for maternal and child health in rural and remote areas. It has accelerated personnel training in this regard and strengthened staffing for those institutions.

婦幼衛(wèi)生服務的公平性和可及性進一步提高。實施基本公共衛(wèi)生服務項目和婦幼重大公共衛(wèi)生服務項目，提高孕產婦系統(tǒng)管理率，規(guī)范服務行為，改善服務質量，促進婦幼健康服務均等化。到2014年，90%的孕產婦享有基本公共衛(wèi)生服務。實施農村孕產婦住院分娩補助重大項目，5712萬名農村孕產婦受益。全國孕產婦住院分娩率由2000年的72.9%提高到2014年的99.6%，農村孕產婦住院分娩率由2000年的65.2%提高到2014年的99.4%。2009年啟動實施農村婦女“兩癌”免費檢查項目，累計為4287萬和613萬農村婦女分別進行了宮頸癌和乳腺癌免費檢查，救助貧困患病婦女31077人。實施預防艾滋病、梅毒和乙肝母嬰阻斷重大項目，為6053萬名孕產婦進行檢查和治療。開展“中國婦女健康行動”等不同類型的婦女健康項目，并支持社會組織開展形式多樣的婦女健康促進活動。
Maternal and child health services have become more equitable and accessible. The state has implemented basic public health service projects and major public health service projects on maternal and child health, doing all it can to improve the systematic management of pregnant and lying-in women, regulate service behavior, improve service quality, and make access to maternal and child health services more equal. By 2014, 90 percent of pregnant and lying-in women had access to basic public health services. The state has implemented major projects to subsidize hospital childbirths for rural pregnant and lying-in women, benefiting 57.12 million. The national hospital birth rate increased from 72.9 percent in 2000 to 99.6 percent in 2014, and the same rate in the countryside grew from 65.2 percent in 2000 to 99.4 percent in 2014. In 2009, the state launched a program of free cervical and breast cancer check-ups for rural women, providing free cervical cancer check-up for 42.87 million and free breast cancer check-up for 6.13 million, in addition to extending medical treatment to 31,077 women having financial difficulties. The state has carried out major projects on AIDS, syphilis and hepatitis B, preventing mother-to-child transmission; 60.53 million pregnant women have benefited from the examination or treatment. It has also held women's health programs such as the Chinese Women's Health Initiative, while extending support to social organizations in organizing various forms of activities promoting women's health.

婦女生殖保健服務進一步加強。保障婦女在整個生命周期享有良好的生殖保健服務，開展婦女病普查普治，提供青春期保健和老年期保健服務。落實計劃生育免費技術服務政策，推進避孕方法知情選擇，減少非意愿妊娠。持續(xù)打擊和查處非醫(yī)學需要的胎兒性別鑒定和選擇性別的人工終止妊娠行為。為流動婦女提供健康教育、預防接種、孕產婦保健等基本公共衛(wèi)生服務，積極推進流動人口計劃生育基本公共服務均等化試點。
Reproductive health services for women have been further strengthened. The state guarantees that women enjoy good reproductive health services throughout the life cycle, such as conducting general surveillance and treatment of gynecological diseases, and providing adolescent and old-age healthcare. It has implemented the policy of free technical services for family planning, promoted informed choice of contraceptive methods and reduced unintentional pregnancies. It has kept investigating and preventing fetal sex identification for non-medical needs and sex-selective pregnancy termination. It has provided health education, vaccination, maternal health care and other basic public health services for women in the floating population, and has launched pilot programs to ensure equal access to family planning and other basic public services by women in the floating population.

婦女健康水平進一步提高。婦女平均預期壽命延長，2010年達到77.4歲，比2000年提高4.1歲。孕產婦死亡率大幅降低，由1990年的88.8／10萬下降到2014年的21.7／10萬，提前實現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標。城鄉(xiāng)和地區(qū)間孕產婦死亡率差距進一步縮小，孕產婦死亡率城鄉(xiāng)差距由2000年的2.4倍縮小為2014年的1.08倍；2000年西部地區(qū)孕產婦死亡率是東部地區(qū)的5.4倍，2014年縮小到2.6倍。中國被世界衛(wèi)生組織列為婦幼健康高績效的10個國家之一。
Women's health has further improved. Women's average life expectancy grew to 77.4 years in 2010, an increase of 4.1 years over 2000. The maternal mortality rate has fallen significantly, from 88.8 per 100,000 in 1990 to 21.7 per 100,000 in 2014, meaning that China has achieved the United Nations Millennium Development Goals ahead of time. The gap in maternal mortality rate between urban and rural areas and between different regions has been further narrowed: The rural-urban gap decreased from a factor of 2.4 in 2000 to 1.08 in 2014. In 2000, the maternal mortality rate of western China was 5.4 times that of eastern China; the figure dropped to 2.6 times in 2014. The World Health Organization lists China as one of the 10 countries with high performance in maternal and child health.