9月13日，備受關(guān)注的國(guó)有企業(yè)改革(SOE reforms)頂層設(shè)計(jì)終于落地。中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院近日印發(fā)了《關(guān)于深化國(guó)有企業(yè)改革的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)《意見(jiàn)》）。

The government will improve the competence of SOEs and turn them into fully independent market entities. [Photo/IC]

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China will modernize state-owned enterprises (SOEs), enhance state assets management, promote mixed ownership and prevent the erosion of state assets, according to the guideline released by the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council. The guideline will be a key framework document to guide and boost SOE reforms.
中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)指出，我國(guó)將完善現(xiàn)代國(guó)有企業(yè)制度，強(qiáng)化國(guó)資管理，發(fā)展混合所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)并防止國(guó)有資產(chǎn)流失。《意見(jiàn)》將成為引導(dǎo)和推動(dòng)國(guó)企改革的關(guān)鍵性架構(gòu)文件。

《意見(jiàn)》提出，將國(guó)有企業(yè)分為商業(yè)類(lèi)(for-profit entities)和公益類(lèi)(those dedicated to public welfare)，并實(shí)行分類(lèi)改革、分類(lèi)發(fā)展、分類(lèi)監(jiān)管、分類(lèi)定責(zé)、分類(lèi)考核，推動(dòng)國(guó)有企業(yè)同市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)(market-oriented economy)深入融合。

以管資本為主推進(jìn)國(guó)有資產(chǎn)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)(regulators of State-asset supervision)職能轉(zhuǎn)變。國(guó)有資產(chǎn)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)要準(zhǔn)確把握依法履行出資人職責(zé)的定位，科學(xué)界定國(guó)有資產(chǎn)出資人監(jiān)管的邊界，建立監(jiān)管權(quán)力清單和責(zé)任清單，實(shí)現(xiàn)以管企業(yè)(managing enterprises)為主向以管資本(managing capital)為主的轉(zhuǎn)變。

The government will improve the competence of SOEs and turn them into fully independent market entities, the guideline said.
政府將提高國(guó)企競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，將其打造成完全獨(dú)立的市場(chǎng)主體。

作為中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱(a pillar of the economy)的國(guó)企，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)更容易獲得貸款、更優(yōu)惠的政策(more favorable policies)，在市場(chǎng)中占主體地位，享有大量資源。但在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退過(guò)程中(economic slowdown)，國(guó)企效率卻比民營(yíng)企業(yè)缺乏活力(less robust)且效率更為低下(less efficient)。

Mixed-ownership reform appeared to be the most significant means to improve the efficiency of SOEs.
混合所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)改革似乎成為提高國(guó)企效率最重要的手段。

《意見(jiàn)》強(qiáng)調(diào)，對(duì)于適宜繼續(xù)推進(jìn)混合所有制改革的國(guó)有企業(yè)，要充分發(fā)揮市場(chǎng)機(jī)制(market mechanisms)作用，堅(jiān)持因地施策、因業(yè)施策、因企施策，宜獨(dú)則獨(dú)、宜控則控、宜參則參，不搞拉郎配，不搞全覆蓋，不設(shè)時(shí)間表(no specific timetable will be set)，成熟一個(gè)推進(jìn)一個(gè)。

《意見(jiàn)》指出，鼓勵(lì)非國(guó)有資本投資主體(non-state firms)通過(guò)出資入股(buying stakes)、收購(gòu)股權(quán)、認(rèn)購(gòu)可轉(zhuǎn)債(convertible bonds from SOEs)、股權(quán)置換(conducting share rights swaps with SOEs)等多種方式(multiple ways)，參與國(guó)有企業(yè)改制重組或國(guó)有控股企業(yè)上市公司增資擴(kuò)股以及企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理。

A flexible and market-based salary system will be established. Salaries of SOE employees will be in line with market levels and decided by company performance. SOEs will also hire more professional managers, the guideline said.
根據(jù)《意見(jiàn)》，建立更為靈活、以市場(chǎng)為基礎(chǔ)的薪酬制度。國(guó)企員工薪酬將與市場(chǎng)水準(zhǔn)相吻合，且取決于公司業(yè)績(jī)。國(guó)企還將聘用更多職業(yè)經(jīng)理人。

《意見(jiàn)》指出，到2020年，在國(guó)有企業(yè)改革重要領(lǐng)域和關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)(key areas)取得決定性成果(major reforms)，形成更加符合我國(guó)基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度(basic economic system)和社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展要求的國(guó)有資產(chǎn)管理體制(state-owned assets-management system)、現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度、市場(chǎng)化經(jīng)營(yíng)機(jī)制，國(guó)有資本布局結(jié)構(gòu)更趨合理，造就一大批德才兼?zhèn)洹⑸朴诮?jīng)營(yíng)、充滿(mǎn)活力的優(yōu)秀企業(yè)家，培育一大批具有創(chuàng)新能力(creative)和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力(face international rivals)的國(guó)有骨干企業(yè)，國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)活力、控制力、影響力、抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力明顯增強(qiáng)(have greater ability to avoid risks)。

（中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津 丁一）