四、保障人民當(dāng)家作主
IV. The People as Masters of the Country

人民當(dāng)家作主，是中國民族區(qū)域自治制度的核心和根本。實(shí)行民族區(qū)域自治制度，為西藏各族人民實(shí)現(xiàn)當(dāng)家作主，真正成為國家和社會(huì)的主人，提供了制度性保障。
That the people are masters of the country is the core and foundation of the system of regional ethnic autonomy. The implementation of this system provides an institutional guarantee for the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet to be masters of the country and of society in the real sense.

——西藏各族人民享有充分的選舉權(quán)與被選舉權(quán)
-- The people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have the full right to vote and stand for election.

中國憲法規(guī)定，凡年滿十八周歲的中華人民共和國公民，不分民族、種族、性別、職業(yè)、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、財(cái)產(chǎn)狀況、居住期限，都有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)；但是依照法律被剝奪政治權(quán)利的人除外。同時(shí)，中國民族區(qū)域自治法對(duì)各民族代表人數(shù)、自治區(qū)人大常委會(huì)主任、人民政府主席等都做了規(guī)定。在西藏，各民族人民依法直接選舉縣（區(qū)）、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)人民代表大會(huì)的代表，這些代表又選舉出席全國和自治區(qū)人民代表大會(huì)的代表。西藏人口較少的門巴族、珞巴族在全國人大及西藏各級(jí)人大中也均有自己的代表。 As stipulated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, "All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence, other than persons deprived of political rights according to law." The Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy has provisions regarding the numbers of deputies from all ethnic groups to the people's congress of an autonomous region, the chairperson of the standing committee of the people's congress of an autonomous region, and chairperson of the people's government of an autonomous region. In Tibet, the people of all ethnic groups directly elect deputies to the people's congresses at the county (district), township and town levels in accordance with the law; these deputies elect the deputies to the National People's Congress (NPC) and the people's congress of the autonomous region. The Monba and the Lhoba ethnic groups who have a small share in Tibet's population also have deputies to the NPC and the people's congresses at all levels in Tibet.

2012年至2013年1月，在四級(jí)人大換屆選舉中，西藏全區(qū)有94%以上的選民分別參加了縣、鄉(xiāng)直接選舉。西藏現(xiàn)有各級(jí)人大代表34264名。其中，全國人大代表中藏族和其他少數(shù)民族代表占66.7%，自治區(qū)人大代表中藏族和其他少數(shù)民族代表占70.2%。自治區(qū)十屆人大常委會(huì)組成人員45名，其中藏族和其他少數(shù)民族24名，常委會(huì)主任、副主任14名，其中藏族和其他少數(shù)民族8名。西藏自治區(qū)成立至今，歷任自治區(qū)人大常委會(huì)主任和自治區(qū)人民政府主席均為藏族公民。
From 2012 to January 2013, 94 percent of the constituency of Tibet Autonomous Region participated in direct elections at the county and township levels, among the four levels of the people's congresses. Currently, Tibet has 34,264 deputies to the people's congresses at all levels. Among them, deputies from the Tibetan and other minority ethnic groups account for 66.7 percent and 70.2 percent respectively of all deputies from Tibet to the NPC and to the People's Congress of Tibet Autonomous Region. In the 10th Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Tibet Autonomous Region, 24 of the 45 members and eight of the 14 chairperson/vice-chairpersons are from the Tibetan and other minority ethnic groups. Since the founding of Tibet Autonomous Region, all the chairpersons of the standing committee of its people's congress and all the chairpersons of its people's government have been Tibetan citizens.

西藏各族人民充分享有自主管理本民族本地區(qū)事務(wù)的權(quán)利。按照中國憲法規(guī)定，西藏自治區(qū)的自治機(jī)關(guān)依法行使省級(jí)地方國家機(jī)關(guān)的職權(quán)，同時(shí)依法行使自治權(quán)。西藏自治區(qū)人民代表大會(huì)享有制定自治條例和單行條例的權(quán)力。自治區(qū)成立以來，自治區(qū)人民代表大會(huì)作為自治區(qū)最高權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)，代表西藏人民依法行使了自主管理本民族本地區(qū)事務(wù)的權(quán)利，聽取審議自治區(qū)人民政府的工作報(bào)告，自治區(qū)人大常委會(huì)、高級(jí)人民法院、人民檢察院的工作報(bào)告，對(duì)上述國家機(jī)關(guān)的工作進(jìn)行監(jiān)督；制定重要地方性法規(guī)，對(duì)自治區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展中的重大事項(xiàng)作出決議決定；審查、批準(zhǔn)自治區(qū)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃、財(cái)政預(yù)決算；選舉產(chǎn)生自治區(qū)人大常委會(huì)組成人員，自治區(qū)主席、副主席，自治區(qū)高級(jí)人民法院院長、人民檢察院檢察長等。
The people of all ethnic groups in Tibet fully enjoy the right to manage their ethnic and regional affairs. According to the Chinese Constitution, the organs of self-government of Tibet Autonomous Region exercise the power and functions of provincial-level state organs as well as the power of autonomy in accordance with the law. The People's Congress of Tibet Autonomous Region has the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations. Since Tibet Autonomous Region was established, its people's congress, as the supreme authority in the region and on behalf of the people of Tibet, has exercised the power of autonomy in managing its ethnic and regional affairs: listen to and review the work reports of the people's government, the standing committee of the people's congress, the higher people's court, and the people's procuratorate of the autonomous region, and supervise the work of these local state organs; enact major local regulations, and make major resolutions and decisions on local social and economic development; review and approve economic and social development plans, financial budgets and final accounts; and elect the members of the standing committee of the people's congress, chairpersons and vice-chairpersons of the autonomous region, the president of the higher people's court, and the procurator-general of the people's procuratorate.

截至2015年7月，西藏自治區(qū)人大及其常委會(huì)制定、批準(zhǔn)地方性法規(guī)和作出具有法規(guī)性質(zhì)的決議、決定共300件，其中現(xiàn)行有效的地方性法規(guī)123件，具有法規(guī)性質(zhì)的決議、決定148件，廢止29件，內(nèi)容涉及政權(quán)建設(shè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、社會(huì)穩(wěn)定、文化教育、語言文字、文物保護(hù)、生態(tài)環(huán)保等各個(gè)方面。政協(xié)西藏自治區(qū)委員會(huì)，每年對(duì)自治區(qū)人民政府的《政府工作報(bào)告》《國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃報(bào)告》《財(cái)政預(yù)算報(bào)告》和自治區(qū)“兩院”的工作報(bào)告進(jìn)行協(xié)商討論，先后組織委員參與西藏地方性法規(guī)（草案）的協(xié)商討論，以全委會(huì)、常委會(huì)、主席會(huì)議、民主協(xié)商會(huì)議、專題座談會(huì)議、委員視察、調(diào)研、提案及舉辦“經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展論壇”等形式，為西藏自治區(qū)“八五”“九五”“十五”“十一五”“十二五”計(jì)劃、規(guī)劃的制定和實(shí)施提出意見和建議，代表西藏各界積極履行參政議政的職能。
By July 2015, the People's Congress of Tibet Autonomous Region and its Standing Committee had enacted and ratified 123 local regulations that are currently effective, made 148 resolutions and decisions that have the same legal standing as regulations, and 29 regulations, resolutions and decisions it ratified have been repealed. They total 300 in all, covering the building of political power, economic development, social stability, culture, education, language, protection of cultural relics, and environmental protection. Every year the Committee of Tibet Autonomous Region of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference discusses the work report, the economic and social development plan, and the financial budget report of the People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, and the work report of the Higher People's Court and the People's Procuratorate of Tibet Autonomous Region; organizes its members to participate in the consultation and discussion of Tibet's local regulations (draft); voices opinions and offers suggestions on the formulation and implementation of the Eighth, Ninth, 10th, 11th, and 12th Five-year Plans of Tibet Autonomous Region at plenary meetings, standing committee meetings, chairman's meetings, consultative conferences, special symposiums, or through member inspections and investigations, making proposals and convening "economic development forums." In this way, it exercises the functions of participating in the deliberation and administration of state affairs on behalf of all circles in Tibet.

中國民族區(qū)域自治法規(guī)定，上級(jí)國家機(jī)關(guān)的決議、決定、命令和指示，如有不適合民族自治地方實(shí)際情況的，自治機(jī)關(guān)可以報(bào)經(jīng)該上級(jí)國家機(jī)關(guān)批準(zhǔn)，變通執(zhí)行或停止執(zhí)行。如在執(zhí)行全國性法定節(jié)假日的基礎(chǔ)上，西藏自治機(jī)關(guān)還將“藏歷新年”“雪頓節(jié)”等藏民族的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日列入自治區(qū)的節(jié)假日。根據(jù)西藏特殊的自然地理因素，西藏自治區(qū)將職工的周工作時(shí)間規(guī)定為35小時(shí)，比全國法定工作時(shí)間少5小時(shí)。1981年，西藏自治區(qū)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)從西藏少數(shù)民族歷史婚俗等實(shí)際情況出發(fā)，通過了《西藏自治區(qū)施行〈中華人民共和國婚姻法〉的變通條例》，將《婚姻法》規(guī)定的男女法定婚齡分別降低兩歲，并規(guī)定對(duì)執(zhí)行變通條例之前已經(jīng)形成的一妻多夫和一夫多妻婚姻關(guān)系，凡不主動(dòng)提出解除婚姻關(guān)系者，準(zhǔn)予維持。結(jié)合西藏實(shí)際情況，自治區(qū)還先后制定實(shí)施了多項(xiàng)國家有關(guān)法律的變通條例和補(bǔ)充規(guī)定。其中包括《西藏自治區(qū)文物保護(hù)條例》《西藏自治區(qū)環(huán)境保護(hù)條例》《西藏自治區(qū)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)關(guān)于嚴(yán)厲打擊“賠命金”違法犯罪行為的決定》等多部地方法規(guī)。
According to the Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, "If a resolution, decision, order or instruction of a state organ at a higher level does not suit the conditions in an ethnic autonomous area, the organ of self-government of the area may either implement it with certain alterations or cease implementing it after reporting to and receiving the approval of the state organ at a higher level." In addition to national holidays, for example, Tibet has also established other public holidays, mostly traditional Tibetan festivals such as the Tibetan New Year and Shoton Festival. Taking into consideration its special natural and geographical conditions, Tibet Autonomous Region applies 35 weekly working hours, five hours less than the national legal level. In 1981, after taking into consideration Tibet's history and folk customs, the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Tibet Autonomous Region promulgated the Alternative Regulations of Tibet Autonomous Region on the Implementation of the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, in which the legal age of marriage for both men and women was reduced by two years relative to the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, and polyandrous and polygynous relationships that had existed before the regulations took effect would be allowed to continue if no one involved proposed dissolution. In light of the actual conditions in Tibet, the autonomous region enacted and implemented multiple alternative regulations and supplementary provisions on state laws, including the Regulations of Tibet Autonomous Region on the Protection of Cultural Relics, the Regulations of Tibet Autonomous Region on Environmental Protection, and the Decision of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Tibet Autonomous Region on Cracking Down on the Crime of Life Compensation.

——少數(shù)民族干部隊(duì)伍不斷成長壯大
-- Minority ethnic group officials are improving their capability.

中國憲法規(guī)定，民族自治地方的人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)中應(yīng)當(dāng)有實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔(dān)任主任或者副主任；自治區(qū)主席、自治州州長、自治縣縣長由實(shí)行區(qū)域自治的民族的公民擔(dān)任。為了保障西藏各民族特別是少數(shù)民族依照憲法規(guī)定，充分行使當(dāng)家作主的權(quán)利，自治區(qū)歷來非常重視少數(shù)民族干部的培養(yǎng)和使用。1965年自治區(qū)成立初期，全區(qū)只有7600多名少數(shù)民族干部；到1976年少數(shù)民族干部已發(fā)展到1.68萬人；到1986年底，全區(qū)有3.1萬名少數(shù)民族干部；到1994年底，有4.4萬名少數(shù)民族干部；到2014年底，全區(qū)少數(shù)民族干部已有11萬多人，與自治區(qū)成立之初相比增長13倍多，占全區(qū)干部總量的70%以上。
As stipulated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China,"Among the chairperson and vice-chairpersons of the standing committee of the people's congress of an ethnic autonomous area, there must be citizens of the ethnic group(s) exercising regional autonomy in the areas concerned; the heads of all autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties should be citizens of the ethnic group(s) exercising regional autonomy in the areas concerned." To ensure all ethnic groups, especially ethnic minorities in Tibet, fully exercise their rights as masters of the country, Tibet Autonomous Region always advocates the appointment and training of local officials from minority ethnic groups. In the early days after establishment of Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965, it had only 7,600 or more officials from minority ethnic groups; by 1976 the figure was 16,800; by the end of 1986 it was 31,000; by the end of 1994 it was 44,000; and by the end of 2014 it was more than 110,000, 13 times more than that of 1965, and accounting for 70 percent of the total number of officials in the autonomous region.

目前，西藏自治區(qū)省級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部中有33名少數(shù)民族干部，地廳級(jí)干部中有450多名少數(shù)民族干部，地（市）、縣（區(qū)）黨政正職大部分由少數(shù)民族干部擔(dān)任，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（街道）黨政班子中少數(shù)民族干部占70%以上，全區(qū)各級(jí)黨政機(jī)關(guān)中都依法配備了少數(shù)民族領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部。在自治區(qū)十屆人大代表、政協(xié)委員中，少數(shù)民族代表、委員均占到70%以上。此外，還有一批優(yōu)秀少數(shù)民族干部直接參與管理國家事務(wù)，在西藏十二屆全國人大代表、全國政協(xié)委員中，藏族和其他少數(shù)民族均占80%以上。十世班禪、阿沛·阿旺晉美、帕巴拉·格列朗杰、熱地、向巴平措等先后擔(dān)任國家級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)。
Currently, Tibet Autonomous Region has 33 provincial-level officials from minority ethnic groups, and more than 450 departmental/bureau-level officials from minority ethnic groups; chief Party and government officials at the prefectural/municipal and county/district levels are mostly ethnic minorities; 70 percent or more of the officials in the Party and government leading groups at the township and town/sub-district levels are ethnic minorities; and the Party and government organs at all levels in the Region have ethnic minority leading officials in accordance with the law. Among both the deputies to the 10th People's Congress and members of the 10th People's Political Consultative Conference of Tibet Autonomous Region, ethnic minorities account for more than 70 percent. Moreover, a number of outstanding ethnic minority officials in Tibet directly participate in the administration of state affairs. Among the 12th NPC deputies and the 12th CPPCC National Committee members from Tibet, Tibetans and other ethnic minorities account for more than 80 percent. The 10th Panchen Erdeni, Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai, Raidi and Qiangba Puncog have all been high-ranking leaders at the state level.

——平等團(tuán)結(jié)互助和諧的民族關(guān)系不斷鞏固和發(fā)展
-- Ethnic relationships featuring equality, unity, mutual support and harmony have been enhanced and developed.

沒有各民族間的平等團(tuán)結(jié)，就沒有各民族人民的當(dāng)家作主。實(shí)現(xiàn)民族平等團(tuán)結(jié)，是中國共產(chǎn)黨民族理論和民族政策的基本出發(fā)點(diǎn)和落腳點(diǎn)。西藏自治區(qū)成立50年來，中央政府和自治區(qū)堅(jiān)持實(shí)行民族平等團(tuán)結(jié)互助和諧的政策，通過保障各族人民當(dāng)家作主的權(quán)利、加強(qiáng)少數(shù)民族干部的培養(yǎng)使用、各民族自發(fā)的交往交流交融和全國支援西藏經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展等，形成了各民族在社會(huì)主義大家庭中和衷共濟(jì)、和睦相處、和諧發(fā)展的良好局面。
Without equality and unity among all ethnic groups, the people cannot be masters of the country. Achieving ethnic equality and unity is the starting point and ultimate goal of the CPC's ethnic philosophy and policy. Over the past 50 years since Tibet Autonomous Region was established, the central government and Tibet Autonomous Region have adhered to the policy of ethnic equality, unity, mutual support, and harmony. Through protecting the rights of all ethnic groups as masters of the country, improving the appointment and training of ethnic minority officials, promoting voluntary communication, exchanges and interaction among all ethnic groups, and enhancing support from other parts of the country for Tibet's social and economic development, China has created a favorable situation wherein all ethnic groups work together in harmony towards common development.

中央政府歷來高度重視西藏的發(fā)展，十分關(guān)心西藏各族人民的福祉，舉全國之力支援西藏，以優(yōu)惠的政策和強(qiáng)大的人力、物力、財(cái)力支持，推動(dòng)西藏的發(fā)展進(jìn)步。從1952年到2014年，中央政府對(duì)西藏的各項(xiàng)財(cái)政補(bǔ)助達(dá)6480.8億元，占西藏地方公共財(cái)政支出的92.8%。1980年以來，中央先后六次召開西藏工作座談會(huì)，從中國社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)全局出發(fā)，對(duì)西藏的發(fā)展建設(shè)作出整體規(guī)劃。從1994年第三次西藏工作座談會(huì)開始，中央實(shí)施對(duì)口支援西藏的政策，安排60個(gè)中央國家機(jī)關(guān)、18個(gè)省市和17家中央企業(yè)對(duì)口支援西藏。20年來，先后有七批4496名優(yōu)秀干部、1466名專業(yè)技術(shù)人才進(jìn)藏工作，實(shí)施援藏項(xiàng)目7615個(gè)，投入援藏資金260億元，主要用于改善民生和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，為西藏經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。
The central government always attaches great importance to the development of Tibet, cares for the wellbeing of the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet, mobilizes resources from the whole country to assist Tibet, and promotes progress in Tibet through providing preferential policies and full support in personnel, materials, and funds. From 1952 to 2014, the central government provided Tibet with financial subsidies totaling 648.08 billion yuan, which accounted for 92.8 percent of Tibet's public financial expenditure. Since 1980, there have been six national symposiums on work in Tibet, formulating integrated blueprints for Tibet's development from the perspective of the country's overall drive towards modernization. Since the Third National Symposium on Work in Tibet in 1994, the central government has put into effect the policy of pairing-up support for Tibet, whereby 60 central state organs, 18 provinces or municipalities directly under the central government, and 17 centrally managed state-owned enterprises have paired up with various areas of Tibet in order to provide assistance to them. Over the last two decades, 4,496 outstanding officials and 1,466 professionals have been sent to work in Tibet in seven batches; 7,615 assistance projects have been carried out; and 26 billion yuan has been invested in Tibet, mainly directed at improving infrastructure and the quality of life. All of this assistance has made an enormous contribution to Tibet's social and economic development.

1990年，西藏自治區(qū)黨委、政府確定每年9月為“民族團(tuán)結(jié)月”。2010年之前，自治區(qū)黨委、政府先后召開了五次民族團(tuán)結(jié)進(jìn)步表彰大會(huì)，受到表彰的先進(jìn)集體和個(gè)人達(dá)1756名，涌現(xiàn)出像孔繁森、李素芝等一大批民族團(tuán)結(jié)先進(jìn)典型。從2012年起，自治區(qū)各級(jí)黨委、政府堅(jiān)持每年召開一次民族團(tuán)結(jié)進(jìn)步模范表彰大會(huì)，共表彰模范集體2089個(gè)、模范個(gè)人3224名。2013年，拉薩市成為創(chuàng)建“全國民族團(tuán)結(jié)進(jìn)步示范州（地區(qū)、市、盟）”試點(diǎn)。近年來，西藏軍區(qū)軍史館、江孜宗山抗英遺址、自治區(qū)博物館、西藏民族學(xué)院、拉薩海關(guān)先后被國家民委命名為“全國民族團(tuán)結(jié)進(jìn)步教育基地”?！皾h族離不開少數(shù)民族、少數(shù)民族離不開漢族、各少數(shù)民族也相互離不開”的思想深入人心，“團(tuán)結(jié)穩(wěn)定是福、分裂動(dòng)亂是禍”成為全社會(huì)的廣泛共識(shí)。
In 1990, the Party Committee and the government of Tibet Autonomous Region designated September as Ethnic Unity Month. Before 2010, the Party Committee and the government of the autonomous region had held five ethnic unity and progress award ceremonies that commended 1,756 outstanding units and individuals, including Kong Fansen and Li Suzhi. Since 2012, the Party committees and governments at all levels in Tibet have held annual ethnic unity and progress award ceremonies, and commended 2,089 units and 3,224 individuals. In 2013, Lhasa was selected as the pilot city for National Demonstration Prefecture (City/League) for Ethnic Unity and Progress. In recent years, the History Museum of the Tibet Military Command, Dzong Fortress in Gyantse where the Tibetans had fought British invaders, the Museum of Tibet Autonomous Region, Tibet Minzu University, and Lhasa Customs have been designated by the State Ethnic Affairs Commission as Education Bases for National Ethnic Unity and Progress. The thought that "the Han ethnic group cannot develop without minority ethnic groups, and vice versa, while all minority ethnic groups cannot develop separately" has taken root in people's minds. The public have reached the consensus that "unity and stability are a blessing while secession and riots are a scourge."