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杰奎琳·肯尼迪的五個(gè)不解之謎

Five myths about Jackie Kennedy

中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng) 2013-11-04 09:42

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杰奎琳·肯尼迪的五個(gè)不解之謎

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Michael Beschloss’s most recent book is “Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy.”

Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, the glamorous wife who was beside John F. Kennedy during his presidency and when he was shot, was for 33 years the most famous woman on Earth. Yet after 1964, she never wrote or spoke publicly about her 10-year marriage to JFK, let alone the rest of her life. An avalanche of books, written without her cooperation or access to her papers, have reduced some of the mystery surrounding her but have inevitably left us with myths about Jackie Kennedy that are widely believed to this day.

1. She grew up an heiress.

Certainly she was born to a wealthy family and had a privileged upbringing. Her father, John V. Bouvier III, was an investment banking scion, and her mother, Janet Lee, was the daughter of a construction tycoon who built some of the most distinguished apartment houses on Park Avenue in New York. But her father lost most of his money in the Great Depression, her parents divorced bitterly, and she later said that when she was in boarding school, she was sometimes nervous that her father would not be able to pay her tuition bills.

When her mother married the Standard Oil heir Hugh D. Auchincloss Jr., his largesse did not extend to Jacqueline and her sister. So when, after graduating from George Washington University in 1951, Jackie took a job as the “Inquiring Camera Girl” for the Washington Times-Herald, she did it because she needed the salary.

2. As first lady, she was a stranger to hard work.

As Lady Bird Johnson, the wife of JFK’s vice president, said: Jackie “was a worker, which I don’t think was always quite recognized.” Her restoration of the White House was not some minor exercise in redecoration. When she toured the mansion after JFK’s election in 1960, she was astonished to find that the state rooms looked like the lobby of a prosaic Statler Hotel, which to her meant dreariness. That was not an accident; after the White House was gutted and rebuilt with an interior steel frame during Harry Truman’s second term, Truman had saved money by having the New York department store B. Altman furnish the mansion’s main floor.

Jackie was appalled that there were so few artifacts, paintings or pieces of furniture rooted in American history. She took it upon herself to raise private money, recruit scholars and search for such objects that would constitute a permanent White House collection. Within a year, this was sufficiently underway, so that in February 1962, she was able to stage her famous televised tour of the state floor of the mansion in its new incarnation, which, for the most part, was similar to how it looks today. During that TV show, she said she was trying to improve the way “the presidency is presented to the world.”

At the same time, she had Air Force One’s exterior redesigned, turned the Oval Office into something more resembling a living room and transformed the rituals for South Lawn arrival ceremonies and state dinners, all of which survive almost intact 50 years later. As a young woman, Jackie once puckishly wrote that her aim was to be the “art director of the twentieth century.” She succeeded in performing that role for her husband’s presidency.

3. She had little interest in JFK’s political life.

Jacqueline Kennedy was no Eleanor Roosevelt or Hillary Rodham Clinton in terms of advising her husband on policy. Before JFK’s election, she startled reporters by confessing that she did not know the date of the presidential inauguration, and when asked what might be a suitable venue for the next Democratic convention, she said, “Acapulco.” But she wasn’t clueless about her husband’s line of work.

She was first lady in a time — which has not quite ended — when many Americans were put off if a president’s wife seemed too involved in his political career. In almost every presidential marriage you will find a first lady who, while she serves, insists that all politics is left to the president — but when viewed in history, she turns out to have been a significant influence on that presidency. Jackie is no exception.

The first lady’s oral history for the Kennedy Library, sealed until 2011, reveals her opinions on virtually every major figure of JFK’s administration and makes it quite clear that she shared them with her husband. Although she does not say that explicitly, the historian who reads these comments closely will note that the men and women Jackie praises, such as Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and national security adviser McGeorge Bundy, tended to be promoted or given more power by President Kennedy. And those she disdains, such as Secretary of State Dean Rusk, tended to languish. Had someone else been JFK’s first lady, some of the most important personnel decisions during that presidency might have been different.

4. In the three decades after November 1963, she managed to get beyond the Dallas tragedy.

Alas, it’s more likely that she never did. After she left the White House, a fortnight after the assassination, she asked her Secret Service drivers to avoid routes that might cause her to glimpse the mansion, even at a distance. She visited again only once after 1963: She agreed to a secret, unphotographed trip with her children in 1971 to what was by then Richard Nixon’s White House to view Aaron Shikler’s portraits of her and her husband. She later wrote Nixon with thanks, saying, “A day I had always dreaded turned out to be one of the most precious ones I have spent with my children.”

When Hillary Rodham Clinton became first lady in 1993, she and Jackie were friends, and she urged JFK’s widow to revisit the White House. Jackie declined but appreciated the gesture. After she died, her son John wrote to Clinton: “Since she left Washington I believe she resisted ever connecting with it emotionally — or the institutional demands of being a former First Lady. It had much to do with the memories stirred and her desires to resist being cast in a lifelong role that didn’t quite fit.”

5. She remained a woman of the early-1960s, pre-feminist era.

Sure, in the oral history she gave in 1964, Jackie Kennedy said that women should not go into politics because they are “too emotional” and that in the “best” marriages, wives are subordinate to husbands. But, like millions of American women, she changed emphatically.

After the death of her second husband, Aristotle Onassis, in 1975, she got a job as a New York editor at Viking and then Doubleday, publishing art books, histories and memoirs, and was known to most of her authors as a genuine, hands-on colleague who performed the kind of assiduous line-editing that, even in the 1990s, was growing scarce.

She lived through and reflected a crucial period in US history in which women moved into the mainstream of American professional life and redefined their roles.

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邁克爾?貝斯羅斯的新書(shū)《杰奎琳?肯尼迪:與J.F.肯尼迪歷史性地談?wù)撋睢贰?/p>

杰奎琳?布維爾?肯尼迪?奧納西斯是美國(guó)美艷迷人、富有魅力的第一夫人,從肯尼迪執(zhí)政到遇刺,她都陪伴左右。在33年間,她是世界上最有名的女人。然而1964年之后,她再也沒(méi)有寫(xiě)過(guò)或說(shuō)過(guò)任何與JFK十年婚姻有關(guān)的事,更別說(shuō)她的余生了。后來(lái)出版了許多有關(guān)她的書(shū),沒(méi)有她的參與,也沒(méi)有查尋過(guò)她的檔案,只揭開(kāi)了一些圍繞杰奎琳?肯尼迪的神秘面紗,卻不可避免地保留著我們至今相信的有關(guān)杰奎琳?肯尼迪的傳奇事跡。

1.她生來(lái)就是繼承人。

眾所周知,她生在一個(gè)富豪之家,從小享受十分優(yōu)異的生活環(huán)境。她的父親約翰?V?布維爾三世是投資銀行世家的后代,她的媽媽簡(jiǎn)妮特?李是一位建筑大亨的女兒。紐約派克大街上大多數(shù)獨(dú)特的公寓建筑都是出自這位建筑大亨之手。但在大蕭條時(shí)期,杰奎琳的父親賠掉了大部分資產(chǎn),父母悲慘地離異。她后來(lái)回憶說(shuō),當(dāng)時(shí)杰奎琳在寄宿學(xué)校上學(xué),有時(shí)甚至?xí)ε赂赣H付不起自己的學(xué)費(fèi)。

后來(lái)她的母親嫁給了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)石油公司的繼承人小休?奧金克洛斯,可繼父休并沒(méi)有接濟(jì)杰奎琳和她的姐妹。因此,1951年在喬治華盛頓大學(xué)畢業(yè)后,杰奎琳在《華盛頓時(shí)報(bào)先驅(qū)報(bào)》做起了出“出鏡調(diào)查員”,只為賺錢(qián)維生。






2.做第一夫人,她與辛勤勞作無(wú)緣。

正如約翰?菲茨杰拉德?肯尼迪的副總統(tǒng)夫人伯德?約翰遜所說(shuō),杰奎琳“曾有過(guò)工作,但我認(rèn)為有時(shí)人們似乎并沒(méi)有意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)?!彼龑?duì)白宮的裝修,可不是個(gè)小動(dòng)作。當(dāng)肯尼迪1960年當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)后,她吃驚地發(fā)現(xiàn)政府白宮就像是個(gè)平凡的斯塔特勒賓館,讓她感到凄涼沉寂。這種感覺(jué)也并不奇怪:哈里?杜魯門(mén)第二任期時(shí)重建白宮,使用了內(nèi)部鋼筋骨架,而且在裝修主要樓層時(shí),為節(jié)省經(jīng)費(fèi),原材料購(gòu)自紐約的一家?jiàn)W特曼百貨公司。

杰奎琳驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn),白宮里竟然幾乎沒(méi)有手工制品、畫(huà)作,也沒(méi)有哪個(gè)家具是美國(guó)歷史上的古董。她自己擔(dān)起了責(zé)任,籌集私人資金,招聘學(xué)者,搜集一些物品,能成為白宮永久的藏品。一年以?xún)?nèi),這個(gè)計(jì)劃就全面有序地進(jìn)行開(kāi)來(lái),到1962年2月,她終于可以讓煥然一新的政府辦公樓層在電視上公之于眾,直到今天這里的大部分設(shè)計(jì)都保持原樣。在那場(chǎng)電視節(jié)目中,杰奎琳稱(chēng)希望借此改善“總統(tǒng)呈現(xiàn)在世界面前”的樣子。

同時(shí),她也重新設(shè)計(jì)了空軍一號(hào)的外觀(guān),把美國(guó)總統(tǒng)辦公室改造成一個(gè)更像是起居室的房間,她還改變了白宮南草坪上舉辦的慶典儀式、政府晚宴的形式,這些改變?cè)谥蟮奈迨陜?nèi)都原封不動(dòng)地保存了下來(lái)。作為一個(gè)年輕太太,杰奎琳曾調(diào)皮地寫(xiě)下,她的目標(biāo)是做“二十世紀(jì)的藝術(shù)導(dǎo)演”。在她丈夫的總統(tǒng)任何期間,她完美地實(shí)現(xiàn)了這個(gè)夢(mèng)想。





3.她并不關(guān)心肯尼迪的政治生活。

杰奎琳并沒(méi)有像埃莉諾?羅斯?;蛳@?克林頓那樣為丈夫做政治廣告。在肯尼迪選舉前,她承認(rèn)自己不知道總統(tǒng)就職典禮的日期,讓記者們感到驚訝。當(dāng)問(wèn)到她認(rèn)為哪里適合做下一次民主黨政黨大會(huì)的會(huì)議地點(diǎn),她回答道:“阿卡普爾科?!钡龑?duì)丈夫的工作并不是一無(wú)所知。

杰奎琳那個(gè)時(shí)代的第一夫人——直到現(xiàn)在都是——當(dāng)美國(guó)總統(tǒng)夫人太多參與丈夫政治生涯的時(shí)候,許多美國(guó)人都會(huì)表示阻止。幾乎在每一段總統(tǒng)婚姻中你都會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),第一夫人堅(jiān)稱(chēng)政治是總統(tǒng)丈夫一個(gè)人的事——但縱觀(guān)歷史,第一夫人們總要在丈夫的總統(tǒng)生涯中產(chǎn)生很深的影響。杰奎琳也不例外。

第一夫人杰奎琳曾為肯尼迪藏書(shū)館口述歷史,但直到2011年才公之于世。她表達(dá)了對(duì)肯尼迪政府的每一位核心成員的看法,并直接表示會(huì)向肯尼迪表達(dá)她的這些想法。雖然她沒(méi)有明確地那樣說(shuō),仔細(xì)讀過(guò)這些言語(yǔ)的歷史學(xué)家都會(huì)認(rèn)為杰奎琳表?yè)P(yáng)的男士和女士都受到肯尼迪的提拔重用,比如國(guó)防部長(zhǎng)羅伯特?麥克納馬拉和國(guó)家安全顧問(wèn)喬治?邦迪。而那些她鄙視的,則并不受重視,比如國(guó)務(wù)卿迪安?臘斯克。如果是別人做了第一夫人,或許肯尼迪一些重大的私人決定就會(huì)大不一樣了。






4.1963年11月后的30年,她終于對(duì)這悲劇釋?xiě)选?/strong>

唉!好像她并沒(méi)能釋?xiě)选Kx開(kāi)白宮后,在肯尼迪遇刺后的兩個(gè)星期,她讓特勤局的司機(jī)避開(kāi)那些能看到白宮大廈的路,甚至遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地看見(jiàn)也不行。1963年后,她只回去過(guò)一次:1971年她答應(yīng)與孩子一起拜訪(fǎng)尼克松總統(tǒng)入駐的白宮,那里有她和丈夫肯尼迪的雕像,此行嚴(yán)格保密,不許拍照。后來(lái),她給尼克松寫(xiě)信表示感謝,說(shuō)道:“我一直恐懼的一天終于到來(lái),可我卻發(fā)現(xiàn)那是我和孩子度過(guò)的一個(gè)最珍貴的日子”。

希拉里?羅德海姆?克林頓在1993年成為新第一夫人時(shí),她和杰奎琳成為好朋友,希拉里盛情邀請(qǐng)她再次拜訪(fǎng)白宮。杰奎琳十分感激,但拒絕了。杰奎琳去世后,她的兒子約翰給克林頓寫(xiě)信說(shuō):“母親離開(kāi)華盛頓后,我以為她再不會(huì)和這兒有任何情感交集——她也不想當(dāng)政治上的第一夫人。那些記憶糾纏著她,她本不屬于那個(gè)角色,她不想一生都被其纏繞?!?/p>





5.在我們心中她永遠(yuǎn)是20世紀(jì)60年代,女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)生前的一位杰出女性。

當(dāng)然了,在她1964年所做的口述歷史中,杰奎琳稱(chēng)女人不該參與政治,因?yàn)樗齻儭疤行浴?,在“最美好的”婚姻中,妻子?yīng)從屬于自己的丈夫。但是,就像成千上萬(wàn)的美國(guó)女性一樣,她徹底地改變了。

杰奎琳第二任丈夫亞里士多德?奧納西斯1975年去世后,她在維京公司擔(dān)任駐紐約的編輯,之后去了雙日出版社,負(fù)責(zé)出版藝術(shù)、歷史和回憶類(lèi)書(shū)籍,在她接手的作者們眼中,她就是一個(gè)天才,什么事都親力親為,她勤奮刻苦地做生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)式的編輯,這種編輯方式即便在上世紀(jì)90年代都還很少見(jiàn)。

她生在美國(guó)歷史上一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的時(shí)代,那時(shí)女人們漸漸顛覆了原本的角色成為美國(guó)職場(chǎng)的主流,她的一生,恰恰是這個(gè)時(shí)代的體現(xiàn)。

(譯者 ydjttdkl 編輯 丹妮)

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