VOICE ONE:
This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I'm Bob Doughty.
VOICE TWO:
And I'm Shirley Griffith. This week -- get ready for a short medical
education in first aid.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
Most accidental poisonings are the result of common things like medicines,
insect chemicals and cleaning solutions.
Victims are generally advised to drink milk or water as a first step. But
experts say never try to give liquids to someone who is having a violent
reaction to a poison. And never try to force liquids into someone who is
unconscious.
Seek professional medical help in case of a poisoning. Save the container of
whatever caused it. And look on the container for information about anything
that stops the effects of the poison.
If the victim vomits, save material expelled from the mouth so doctors can
examine it.
In the past, in some cases, people were often advised to force vomiting in
order to empty the stomach. But experts have questioned this treatment. They say
there is a lack of evidence to support it.
The American Academy of Pediatrics no longer advises parents with young
children to keep syrup of ipecac. That medicine forces vomiting. But the person
could choke. And some poisons can cause additional damage coming back up.
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
Millions of people know about a way to save a person who is choking on food
or some other object. It is commonly known as the Heimlich Maneuver.
If the victim is sitting or standing, get directly behind the person. Put
your arms around the victim's waist. Close one hand to form a ball and place it
over the upper part of the stomach, below the ribs. Place the other hand on top
and push forcefully inward and upward. Repeat these abdominal thrusts until the
object is expelled from the mouth.
VOICE ONE:
The maneuver is named for the American doctor credited with developing it by
the early nineteen seventies. Henry Heimlich won the Albert Lasker Public
Service Award in 1984.
Doctor Heimlich has described the maneuver as also an effective way to save
people from drowning. He says the pushing action forces water out of the lungs.
The American Red Cross and the American Heart Association disagree.
The heart association says there is evidence to suggest that the Heimlich
Maneuver could do more harm than good to victims of a near-drowning. It says
that at the very least, using the maneuver could delay other methods to start
the victim breathing again. It says the maneuver should be used only in cases
where the victim of a near-drowning is choking on an object.
VOICE TWO:
The American Red Cross has changed its advice for treating choking victims
who are conscious. The group now says a rescuer should first hit the person on
the back five times between the shoulder bones. These back blows may ease the
choking.
If not, the Red Cross says, then do five abdominal thrusts. It says to repeat
these two steps until the victim is able to breathe or speak.
One person who has criticized the new Red Cross guidelines is Henry Heimlich.
He argues that back blows can make the choking worse. Doctor Heimlich is
eighty-seven years old and lives in Cincinnati, Ohio.
VOICE ONE:
Something else: the American Red Cross has stopped using the name Heimlich
Maneuver. It only uses the term abdominal thrusts. A spokeswoman for the
American Heart Association says Heimlich Maneuver is a term that people remember
and understand. But she says her organization only uses it sometimes.
The question of what to call the maneuver may be the result of a family
dispute that has become highly public. A son of Doctor Heimlich has been leading
a campaign against his father's work.
Peter Heimlich says most medical groups have discredited his father's work
except the maneuver for choking. And he has been disputing that his father
invented it by himself.
He told the Cincinnati Business Courier newspaper last year that he considers
his father's ideas dangerous.
A spokesman for Henry Heimlich rejected what Peter Heimlich says. He called
him an angry son.
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
CPR is cardiopulmonary
resuscitation. It forces air into the lungs and pumps blood and oxygen to the
brain. Experts say it greatly increases the chances that a heart attack victim
will survive, with little or no brain damage. CPR is also used for victims of
drowning and other situations, like accidents.
The first step, after you call for medical help, is to point the victim's
head back to open the air passages. Look to see if the person is breathing. If
not, hold the person's nose closed and place your mouth over the victim's mouth.
Give two breaths. Blow until you see the chest rise. Each breath should last
about one second.
VOICE ONE:
If the victim has no heartbeat, the next step is to begin chest compressions.
Place one hand over the other and press firmly on the center of the chest. Push
down about five centimeters at a rate of about two times each second. Breathe
two times into the victim's mouth for every thirty times you push down on the
chest.
After a minute, check again to see if the person has a heartbeat and is
breathing. If there is a heartbeat but no breathing, continue with rescue
breaths only. Give one breath every five seconds.
If there is no heartbeat, then continue with rescue breaths and chest
compressions until help arrives.
Chest compressions can also be used on a choking victim who is unconscious.
VOICE TWO:
CPR training these days will likely include advice to use a protective
barrier during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. There are special masks for this
purpose that can help prevent the spread of disease. Some trainers say that even
blowing through a piece of cloth like a shirt is better than no protection at
all. But some tell people to perform mouth-to-mouth without a barrier mask only
on a person they are sure is not infectious.
VOICE ONE:
CPR is not difficult to learn. Many organizations teach it. And most CPR
training now includes how to use an automated external defibrillator, or A.E.D.
These devices, which are increasingly found in public places, have a recorded
voice to guide the user. Defibrillators use electric shocks to try to correct an
irregular heartbeat that can lead to sudden death.
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
Bacteria can enter the body through even the smallest cut in the skin. So
medical experts advise people to treat all wounds. Clean the cut with soap and
water and then cover it while it heals.
If bleeding does not stop quickly, use direct pressure. Place a clean piece
of cloth on the wound and hold it firmly in place until the bleeding stops or
medical help arrives.
A spokesman for the American College of Emergency Physicians says direct
pressure should be kept on a wound for about twenty minutes. Doctor Richard
O'Brien says victims may be able to do it themselves while others go for help.
Do not remove the cloth if the blood soaks through it. Instead, put another
cloth on top and continue pressure. Use more pressure if the bleeding has not
stopped after twenty minutes.
VOICE ONE:
In the past, people were advised to use a tourniquet to stop severe bleeding.
A tourniquet is made with a stick and a piece of cloth or a belt. The device is
tied around an arm or leg to stop the flow of blood to the wound area.
But Doctor O'Brien says medical experts no longer support the use of
tourniquets in most cases. He warns that tourniquets are dangerous because they
can crush major arteries and nerves. He says a tourniquet should be used only if the
wound is so severe that it represents an immediate threat to the victim's life.
And even then, he says, it should be used for only five minutes.
VOICE TWO:
If a wound seems infected, let the victim rest. Physical activity can spread
the infection. Treat the wound with a mixture of salt and water until medical
help arrives. Add nine and one-half milliliters of salt to each liter of boiled
water. Place a clean cloth in the mixture and then put the cloth on the wound.
But be sure not to burn the skin.
VOICE ONE:
To learn more about first aid, check with a hospital or a local organization
like a Red Cross or Red Crescent society. There may be training classes offered
in your area.
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written by Nancy Steinbach and produced by Mario
Ritter. I'm Shirley Griffith.
VOICE ONE:
And I'm Bob Doughty. Listen again next week for more news about science in
Special English on the Voice of America.
cardiopulmonary : 心肺的
tourniquet : 止血帶
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