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VOICE ONE:
THE MAKING OF A NATION - a program in Special English by the Voice of
America.
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There was one main issue in America's presidential election of nineteen
sixteen: war. Europe was in the middle of what is now remembered as World War
One. It was the bloodiest conflict the world had ever known.
Most Americans wanted no part of the struggle in Europe. They supported their
country's official position: neutrality. This desire was the main reason
President Woodrow Wilson won re-election. People gave Wilson their votes,
because they hoped he would continue to keep America out of war.
I'm Maurice Joyce. Today, Larry West and I tell more about Wilson's
presidency.
VOICE TWO: Like most Americans, Woodrow Wilson did not want war. He feared
that entering the conflict would cost the United States many lives. Wilson read
the reports from European battlefields. The news was unbelievably terrible. By
the end of nineteen sixteen, several million men had been killed, wounded, or
captured.
At the Battle of Verdun, French forces stopped a German attack.
The cost was high on both sides. More than seven hundred thousand soldiers
were killed, wounded, or captured. The Battle of the Somme followed. Britain
lost sixty thousand men on the first day. By the time the battle was over,
losses for both sides totaled more than a million.
Germany also was at war on its eastern border, with Russia. Losses on that
battlefront, too, totaled more than a million men.
VOICE ONE:
At the time of America's presidential election in nineteen sixteen, Germany
seemed to be winning the war. Its losses were terrible. But the losses of its
enemies - The Allies - were even worse. German forces occupied much of northern
France and almost all of Belgium. German and Austrian soldiers also held parts
of Russia, Italy, Romania, and Serbia.
Germany was winning on the battlefield. The Allies were winning at sea. A
British blockade cut off almost all German trade with the rest of the world.
Even food shipments were blocked. As a result, Germany faced mass starvation. It
urgently needed to break the blockade and get food.
VOICE TWO:
This situation finally forced Germany to make the decision that would bring
the United States into the war.
It decided to use its submarines to break the British blockade. The
submarines would attack any ships that came near Britain or other parts of
Europe. This included ships from neutral countries, like the United States.
Earlier, Germany had made a promise to the United States. Its submarines
would not attack civilian ships unless warning was given and the lives of those
on the ships were saved. Now Germany was withdrawing that promise. It said
unrestricted submarine warfare would begin immediately.
German ruler Kaiser Wilhelm said: "If Wilson wants war, let him make it, and
let him then have it."
VOICE ONE:
President Wilson immediately broke diplomatic relations with Germany. He
still hoped the two nations would not go to war. He left that decision to
Germany. If German submarines sank American ships, Wilson would have no choice
but to declare war.
Most American shipping companies feared attack by German submarines.
Throughout the early part of nineteen seventeen, they kept their ships in home
ports. They wanted protection. So they asked for permission to arm their ships.
At first, President Wilson refused to seek such permission from Congress. He did
not want to do anything that might cause Germany to declare war. Then he
received secret news from Britain.
British agents had gotten a copy of a telegram from Germany's foreign
minister to Germany's ambassador in Mexico. The telegram said Germany was
planning hostile acts against the United States. Wilson acted quickly. He began
putting guns and sailors on American trade ships.
VOICE TWO:
It did not take long for the worst to happen. Within days, a German submarine
sank an unarmed American ship, the Algonquin. Then three more American ships
were sunk. Many lives were lost.
President Wilson no longer had a choice between war and peace. There would be
war. Wilson called a special session of Congress. Members of both the Senate and
House of Representatives gathered in one room. They stood as the president
walked quickly to the front. He stood silent for a moment before speaking. This
is what he said:
VOICE ONE:
"Fully understanding the serious step I am taking, I advise that the Congress
declare the recent acts of the German government to be, in fact, nothing less
than war against the United States. It is a fearful thing to lead this great
peaceful people into war. But right is more precious than peace. And we will
fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts - for
democracy, for the rights and liberties of small nations, and for the belief
that a worldwide union of free people can bring peace and safety to all
nations."
VOICE TWO:
President Wilson's emotional speech brought tears to the eyes of many of the
lawmakers. They felt the great seriousness of his request.
Outside, crowds lined the street to cheer Wilson as he returned to the White
House from the Capitol Building. He sat in his car and shook his head sadly.
"Think of what it is they are cheering," he said. "My message today was a
message of death for our young men. How strange it seems they would cheer that."
On April sixth, nineteen seventeen, Congress approved a declaration of war
against Germany.
VOICE ONE:
The Allies - Britain, France and Russia - welcomed American involvement.
The war was going badly for them. It had been very costly in lives, money,
and supplies. Allied shipping was suffering heavy losses from German submarine
attacks. A British naval blockade had greatly reduced food shipments to Germany.
Now, Britain itself faced dangerously low supplies of food.
Allied representatives went to Washington to explain what The Allies needed.
They needed supplies - especially food - immediately. They needed money to pay
for the supplies. They needed ships to get the supplies from America to Europe.
And they needed American soldiers.
VOICE TWO:
President Wilson and Congress worked together to organize the United States
for war. Congress gave Wilson new wartime powers. He soon formed a council to
build ships, improve industrial production, and control national transportation.
He formed an agricultural agency to increase food production and food exports.
And he formed an information committee to build public support for the war.
Wilson's efforts succeeded. The Allies quickly got the ships, supplies, and
money they requested. Most important, they soon got American soldiers.
VOICE ONE:
Allied military leaders said only about a half-million troops were needed
from the United States. But American officials decided to build a much larger
army. Before long, large numbers of American soldiers were crossing the Atlantic
Ocean. They would fight the Germans at the western battlefronts of Europe.
The extra strength they gave the Allies would play a major part in helping
defeat Germany. That will be our story next week.
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VOICE TWO:
You have been listening to THE MAKING OF A NATION - a program in Special
English by the Voice of America. Your narrators were Maurice Joyce and Larry
West. Our program was written by Frank Beardsley. Join us again next week at
this same time, when we will continue the story of American president Woodrow
Wilson.